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Grizzly bears, black bears, wolves, coyotes, cougars/ mountain lions,bobcats, wolverines, lynx, foxes, fishers and martens are the suite of carnivores that originally inhabited North America after the Pleistocene extinctions. This site invites research, commentary, point/counterpoint on that suite of native animals (predator and prey) that inhabited The Americas circa 1500-at the initial point of European exploration and subsequent colonization. Landscape ecology, journal accounts of explorers and frontiersmen, genetic evaluations of museum animals, peer reviewed 20th and 21st century research on various aspects of our "Wild America" as well as subjective commentary from expert and layman alike. All of the above being revealed and discussed with the underlying goal of one day seeing our Continent rewilded.....Where big enough swaths of open space exist with connective corridors to other large forest, meadow, mountain, valley, prairie, desert and chaparral wildlands.....Thereby enabling all of our historic fauna, including man, to live in a sustainable and healthy environment. - Blogger Rick

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Friday, April 24, 2015

Will the throngs of animal lovers and nature enthusiasts that call California home come forth and help Caltrans fund the necessary willdlife over/underpasses built so that the Pumas, Coyotes and perhaps one day again--Wolves and Grizzlies can spread their genes, multiply and fulfill their ecological services on the land?

http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/sciencedaily/plants_animals/~3/8zVDjHSddnY/150420183338.htm?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email

Where humans and nature collide:

 Roadkill hot spots identified in California

Date:
April 20, 2015
Source:
University of California, Davis
Summary:
A map shows how California's state highway
 system is
 strewn with roadkill "hot spots," which are
identified in
 a newly released report. The data could
help state
 highway planners take measures to
protect both
 drivers and wildlife.




























Major hot spots include:
  • Sacramento area: Where I-80 and I-5 run
  •  across by
  • passes along the Pacific Flyway, marshy 
  • areas attract
  •  birds during migration and result in high 
  • rates of roadkill.
  • Bay Area: "It's sort of a ring of death 
  • around the Bay
  •  Area,
  • " Shilling said. Interstate 80 and State
  •  Route 101 run
  •  alongside the bay, where high rates 
  • of wading birds
  •  and water birds are killed. Large animals
  •  are more
  •  likely to be hit on I-280 and State Route 
  • 17,
  •  particularly near areas of parks and open
  •  spaces.
  • Southern California: Many areas along
  •  State Route
  •  94 in San Diego County have high rates 
  • of collisions
  •  where the highway runs through wildlife
  • habitat.
  •  Shilling said Caltrans is planning to build
  •  five new
  •  wildlife-crossing structures in this area
  •  because the
  •  data demonstrate both an immediate 
  • need and 
  • locations where structures would be 
  • useful.
  • Sierra: Highway 70 in Plumas County 
  • and near
  •  Portola has high rates of roadkill,
  •  particularly deer.
  • North Coast: Both State Routes 101
  •  and 20 show
  •  high rates of collision between Willits
  •  and Lake
  •  Mendocino.

A couple of Tucson residents are hoping that more people will learn to appreciate and protect rattlesnakes and other snakes in our region and around the world.................. Melissa Amarello and Jeff Smith are co-founders of Advocates for Snake Preservation.............. They are trying to dispel myths about the maligned reptiles and give them a better shot at survival in their interactions / proximity to human beings............. However, Amarello and Smith admit it can be a tough sell- rattlesnakes are not seen as beautiful or cuddly as are some species like hummingbirds or panda bears..........watch the video below


VIEW LIVING WITH RATTLESNAKES VIDEO BELOW








Published in the April 2015 Cougar Rewilding Foundation (CRF) Newsletter, "Yellowstone East: The Economic Benefits of Restoring the Adirondack Ecosystem With Native Wildlife," CRF executives Dr. John Laundre and Christopher Spatz cite as examples U.S. regions currently promoting big wildlife recreation............... Penned herds of elk and bison attract 130,000 visitors yearly to Kentucky's Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area............. Red wolves restored to North Carolina's Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge attract 25,000 families, generate $37 million every year, and have boosted eastern North Carolina tourism by 19%.............. Yellowstone National Park's 1.8 million annual wildlife watching tourists produce $675 million in revenue, many drawn to Yellowstone's elk, bison and its restored wolves. ...............The study suggests that rewilding America's first wilderness with its marquee wildlife would draw an additional 470,000 wildlife recreationists a year, in part, by keeping New York wildlife watchers in-state.................. "Nearly two-thirds of New York State's $10.6 billion in annual wildlife watching revenue goes out-of-state," says John Laundre, the former SUNY Oswego ecologist who published a cougar habitat analysis for the Adirondacks in 2013, "With these big, charismatic animals restored to the East's grandest Park, tourists and hunters from downstate, and the City, and the Northeast could decide to stay closer to home instead of going to Alaska or Yellowstone or on an African big game safari - 84 million of them within a day's drive.".


---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Christopher Spatz ;spatzcat61@gmail.com
Date: Fri, Apr 24, 2015 at 8:45 AM
Subject: Press Release: Yellowstone East: Native Wildlife Pageantry Would Restore Adirondack Ecosystem, Sustain Park Economy
To: Rick Meril <rick.meril@gmail.com


For Immediate Release: April 24, 2015  

Contact: John Laundre, Vice President, Cougar Rewilding Foundation, (315) 529-3759, launjohn@hotmail.com
           John Davis, Director, Cougar Rewilding Foundation, (321) 222-8993, john@wildlandsnetwork.org
           Christopher Spatz, President, Cougar Rewilding Foundation, (845) 658-2233, spatzcat61@gmail.com

Study: Native Wildlife Pageantry Would Restore Adirondack Ecosystem, Sustain Park Economy

Essex, N.Y. - An economic study published this week proposes that restoring the Adirondack ecosystem with native wildlife would establish Adirondack Park as an international wildlife recreation destination. While noting that native woodland elk, bison, wolves and cougars created elements of Northeast ecosystems, the Cougar Rewilding Foundation report estimates that restoring these missing species to Adirondack Park would add upwards of $583 million annually in wildlife watching and big game hunting tourism, while creating 3540 new jobs. The study reports that Adirondack ecosystem restoration would enhance both New York State's U.S.-leading wildlife watching tourism and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation's (DEC) Watchable Wildlife Adirondack viewing locations, while creating opportunities for wildlife tracking classes and vacations, darting, howling and photography safaris, and big game hunting.


Eastern Wolf in Algonquin National Park, Canada








Published in the April 2015 Cougar Rewilding Foundation (CRF) Newsletter, "Yellowstone East: The Economic Benefits of Restoring the Adirondack Ecosystem With Native Wildlife," CRF executives Dr. John Laundre and Christopher Spatz cite as examples U.S. regions currently promoting big wildlife recreation. Penned herds of elk and bison attract 130,000 visitors yearly to Kentucky's Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area. Red wolves restored to North Carolina's Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge attract 25,000 families, generate $37 million every year, and have boosted eastern North Carolina tourism by 19%. Yellowstone National Park's 1.8 million annual wildlife watching tourists produce $675 million in revenue, many drawn to Yellowstone's elk, bison and its restored wolves. 



Puma in Florida









With its proximity to the Northeast's metropolitan centers, Adirondack Park already attracts millions of visitors each year. The study suggests that rewilding America's first wilderness with its marquee wildlife would draw an additional 470,000 wildlife recreationists a year, in part, by keeping New York wildlife watchers in-state. "Nearly two-thirds of New York State's $10.6 billion in annual wildlife watching revenue goes out-of-state," says John Laundre, the former SUNY Oswego ecologist who published a cougar habitat analysis for the Adirondacks in 2013, "With these big, charismatic animals restored to the East's grandest Park, tourists and hunters from downstate, and the City, and the Northeast could decide to stay closer to home instead of going to Alaska or Yellowstone or on an African big game safari - 84 million of them within a day's drive."



Elk




With its proximity to the Northeast's metropolitan centers, Adirondack Park already attracts millions of visitors each year. The study suggests that rewilding America's first wilderness with its marquee wildlife would draw an additional 470,000 wildlife recreationists a year, in part, by keeping New York wildlife watchers in-state. "Nearly two-thirds of New York State's $10.6 billion in annual wildlife watching revenue goes out-of-state," says John Laundre, the former SUNY Oswego ecologist who published a cougar habitat analysis for the Adirondacks in 2013, "With these big, charismatic animals restored to the East's grandest Park, tourists and hunters from downstate, and the City, and the Northeast could decide to stay closer to home instead of going to Alaska or Yellowstone or on an African big game safari - 84 million of them within a day's drive."




Woodland Bison






The study reports that successful restorations of all four species have occurred in regions with comparable or higher human densities than the Adirondacks, including elk to Pennsylvania, bison and wolves across Europe, and cougars test-released along the eastern Georgia/Florida border. "Economic wildlife studies, including a study of the DEC's Environmental Protection Fund, show that for each $1 invested in open space and wildlife returns $7-$21 in revenue, jobs and taxes," says CRF president and Rosendale, N.Y. resident Christopher Spatz. "By restoring its ancient, animal pageantry to the mighty Adirondacks, New York State has an opportunity to lead the nation by merging ecosystem recovery with economic sustainability."

Cougar Rewilding Foundation is a 501(c)(3) dedicated to the recovery of cougars to their former range.
PO Box 81 
Hanover, WV 24839

Thursday, April 23, 2015

Will British Columbia come to it's senses and make permanent it's temporary order stopping the Wolf slaughter that it initiated under the guise of seeking to protect dwindling Caribou herds?




http://www.thetyee.ca/News/2015/04/22/Wolf-Killing-Plans-BC-Paused/

BC's Wolf Killing Plan on Pause, for Now

This year's cull wraps up short of target, though 'intent is the program will continue,' minister says.
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TwoWolves_600px.jpg
'The wolf is treated like vermin, whether it is for caribou or other reasons,' says cull critic Sadie Parr of the non-profit Wolf Awareness Inc. Photo by Caninest, Creative Commons licensed.

Related

The British Columbia government has temporarily stopped killing wolves, and conservationists are pushing to make the pause permanent.

"I don't want people thinking it's over," said Sadie Parr, the director of the non-profit company Wolf Awareness Inc. in Golden, noting the B.C. government plans to continue to kill wolves over the next five years.


In January, the government announced that ministry staff in helicopters would shoot up to 184 wolves before the snow melted in an attempt to protect mountain caribou in two regions of the province. Wolves are easier to track when their footprints are visible in the snow.
But on April 16, the province announced it was concluding the program for the year, having killed only 73 wolves in the South Peace Region and 11 in the South Selkirk Mountains.

The controversial plan divided environmental groups. Some condemned the cull, saying it punishes wolves when the real problem is that industries like oil and gas, recreation and forestry have altered the landscape in ways that disadvantage caribou.

Others accepted the government's argument that it is necessary to remove wolves to give caribou populations a chance to recover while steps are taken to protect habitat.Andrew Weaver, the only BC Green Party MLA, has said that on balance he supports the cull.

Cull will continue, says minister
Steve Thomson, B.C.'s minister of Forests, Land and Natural Resource Operations, said that ministry staff will kill more wolves next winter. "The program was always considered to be a multi-year program," he said. "It won't be effective if it's just one year, so we need to monitor the wolf populations, monitor the caribou population, and the intent is the program will continue."

The cull was more successful in the South Selkirks than in the Peace River where there were weather challenges, but overall it was a good start, he said.
"I know there are many people who are opposed to that action being taken," Thomson said, noting the government had the support of some First Nations and environmental groups. "It was a very, very difficult decision, but it was a decision that I felt needed to be made in order to give those caribou herds a chance of recovery."

The South Selkirk caribou population was down to just 14 animals in March 2015, four fewer than a year earlier, according to a government news release. In four herds in the South Peace, totalling as few as 163 caribou, at least 37 per cent of caribou deaths were caused by wolves, the government has said.


Parr said that her group and others are working to keep the wolf killing program from re-starting. Wolf Awareness has made public presentations in Invermere, Golden, Revelstoke and Whistler, she said, and the organization is planning more presentations in future.
"The wolf is treated like vermin, whether it is for caribou or other reasons," Parr said.


Besides killing wolves from helicopters, the province allows hunters and trappers to kill some 1,000 wolves a year, she added. "This is a new thing, but it really is only, in my opinion, a small piece of the slaughter that's happening."

When the government announced the wolf cull, it said the plan had been peer reviewed. It has yet to release the peer review documents.  [Tyee]


-
Sadie Parr - Wolf Awareness Inc., Directorwww.WolfAwarenessInc.orgPhone:  250.272.HOWL (4695)


"Only the mountain has lived long enough to listen objectively to the howl of a wolf".    -Aldo Leopold, Thinking Like a Mountain.


THE REWILDING INSTITUTE'S Dave Foreman "riffing about wilderness and asking the question: "Can Wilderness still exist on our planet of 7 billion-----10 billion humans?



From: noreply+feedproxy@google.com [mailto:noreply+feedproxy@google.com]
Sent: Thursday, April 23, 2015 5:15 AM
To: Meril, Rick
Subject: Rewilding Institute News

Rewilding Institute News

Link to The Rewilding Institute


Posted: 22 Apr 2015 09:24 AM PDT
Much has been made lately of the so-called Anthropocene—the idea that Homo sapiens has so taken over and modified Earth that we need a new name for our geological age instead of the outmoded Holocene. One remorseless Anthropoceniac writes, "Nature is gone… You are living on a used planet. If this bothers you, get over it. We now live in the Anthropocene—a geological era in which Earth's atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere are shaped primarily by human forces."
ming the Anthropocene is that we have so impacted all ecosystems on Earth that there is no "wilderness" left. Insofar as I know, other than babbling about "pristine," "untouched," and so forth, none of the Anthropoceniacs ever define what they mean by wilderness, which is not surprising in that none of them give a hint for having been in a Wilderness Area or having studied the citizen wilderness preservation movement.

Moreover, they behave as though their claim about wilderness being snuffed is a new insight of their own. In truth, we wilderness conservationists have been speaking out how Homo sapiens has been wrecking wilderness worldwide for one hundred years. Bob Marshall, a founder of The Wilderness Society, warned eighty years ago that the last wilderness of the Rocky Mountains was "disappearing like a snowbank on a south-facing slope on a warm June day." Congress said in the 1964 Wilderness Act that the country had to act then due to "increasing population, accompanied by expanding settlement and growing mechanization" or we would leave no lands in a natural condition for future generations. My book, Rewilding North America, documents in gut-wrenching detail how Man has been wreaking a mass extinction for the last 50,000 years or so.

Anthropoceniacs do not seem to understand that when we wilderness conservationists talk about Wilderness Areas we are not playing a mind-game of believing that these are pristine landscapes where the hand of Man has never set foot. Although wilderness holds one end of the human-impact spectrum, it is not a single point but rather a sweep of mostly wild landscapes. Over seventy years ago, Aldo Leopold, the father of the Wilderness Area Idea, wisely wrote that "in any practical program, the unit areas to be preserved must vary greatly in size and in degree of wildness" (emphasis added). Senator Frank Church of Idaho was the bill's floor manager in 1964 when the Wilderness Act became law. He understood as well as anyone what Congress meant with the wording of the Act. Ten years later, in the heated fight for Wilderness Areas on the Eastern National Forests, when the Forest Service "would have us believe that no lands ever subject to past human impact can qualify as wilderness, now or ever," Church said, "Nothing could be more contrary to the meaning and intent of the Wilderness Act." The words pristine and purity are not found in the Wilderness Act, which is the best short explanation of wilderness. It seems that intellectual wilderness naysayers, whether wilderness deconstructionists or Anthropoceniacs, if they look at the Wilderness Act at all, see only the ideal definition of wilderness:

A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.

To continue reading, please click here


 

The New York City CBS television station ran a report on the multiple sightings of coyotes in Manhattan and across the Hudson River in New Jersey today............Never in my growing up period in the 1960's-70's would I have ever thought Coyotes would penetrate the "Concrete Jungle".............Truly a testimony to the intelligence, curiosity, perseverance and never-say-die attitude of our resilient Coyote




CLICK ON LINK BELOW TO WATCH A FULL VIDEO OF NYC COYOTES
 


__._,_.___


Coyote Sightings Reported Left And Right In The Heart Of Manhattan

Another Coyote Also Reported In Norwood, New Jersey


Coyotes remained on the run Thursday in both the suburbs and city, and residents remained on edge as they were warned of possible danger.
As CBS2’s Matt Kozar reported, at least one coyote has been spotted more than once now by CBS2 cameras running around Riverside Drive. Police Thursday night were searching Riverside Park once again for coyotes, following several sightings of what are likely multiple animals.
CBS2 cameras captured the coyote at 4:45 a.m. at Riverside Drive and 96th Street, and then again around 5:38 a.m., CBS2’s Janelle Burrell reported. The second time, the coyote sprinted in front of Mobile 2 and scampered across the street toward Grant’s Tomb in Morningside Heights.
The animal kept going right into oncoming traffic.
Ben Bazyluk said he saw the coyote while walking his giant shepherd.
“I’ve seen another coyote, but I don’t think it was the same one as last night,” he said. “That one looked much bigger, and nice and healthy.”
Earlier, Burrell spoke with two people who had encounters of their own with the coyote Thursday morning.
“I was walking my dog this morning, and about 10 feet away a coyote came out from the park right in front of us, and it ran past us very close and it just kept going further down Riverside Park,” one woman said.
“I was driving, going downtown on Riverside Drive, and he crossed right in front of me and I almost hit him. I had to stop,” another man said.
“I was walking and I was like, ‘Oh, there’s a dog,’ and (then) I’m like, ‘That’s not a dog,'” one witness told WCBS 880’s Paul Murnane.
On Wednesday evening, CBS2 captured exclusive video of a coyote as it pranced across Riverside Drive near West 79th Street around 11 p.m. It was not certain whether that coyote was the same one seen about 6 1/2 hours later.
Late Thursday afternoon, some young children were at soccer practice at the very same spot where a coyote had earlier led the NYPD on a chase.
Jody Miller was walking through the park with her pit bull, Cassius, in case of danger.
“Sometimes in the morning, people let their dogs off the leash, and this morning, I thought it would be stupid to leave the dog off the leash,” Miller said.
Police first spotted the coyote on Wednesday morning and were on the animal’s trail, but it managed to evade officers. The NYPD had officers spread out across the area with tranquilizer guns in hand after a sighting just after dawn.
It spurred a 40-block chase around Riverside Park from the mid-80s to Grant’s Tomb to West 122nd Street.
Morningside Heights resident Jim Burke walked his dogs right by where the last coyote was spotted Thursday.
“They’re more nocturnal, so they’re not going to be out during the day,” he said. “So I’m not too concerned at this point.”
The coyotes are exhibiting normal behavior and shying away from people, Burrell reported.
In Manhattan, most residents who live near where the animals have been spotted seem unfazed, actually more concerned about the coyote than themselves.
“I hope it doesn’t get hit,” Joseph said.
“I’m not worried. I think (if) there’s a dog on a leash, they’re not going to gobble them up. I think it’s OK,” said Yolanda Shashaty, of Morningside Heights.
John Nesti of Fischer Wildlife Control explained the coyotes’ movement and behavior to CBS2’s Meg Baker.“The river acts as a natural corridor for the coyotes to move in,” he said. “(The Riverside Park coyote) is probably a year-and-a-half old coyote.”
Nesti believes the coyotes seen roaming city streets are not rabid, but looking for territory. It is the time of year when even young coyotes leave their dens.
“They can run the river and find all the food they need,” Nesti said.
The coyotes follow tracks – rivers, trains, and manmade trails. Nesti explained that is likely why they are showing up in the city.
Patrick Thomas, associate director of the Bronx Zoo, said this is the time of year when young coyotes leave their dens.
“Coyotes are getting ready to pup,” Thomas said. “So young females might be looking for den sites, and you also have with animals that are dispersing from their parents. And so you just have more animals on the move.”
Chris Nagy with the Gotham Coyote Project said his group has also been tracking dens in the Bronx.

Coyote That Has Made The Big Apple Its Home Still On The Run

uwscoyote Coyote Sightings Reported Left And Right In The Heart Of Manhattan
Paul Murnane reports
For the few who are worried of being attacked, Nagy said the chances are very slim.
“The risk of being attacked by a coyote is somewhere in the realm of the risk of being attacked by a vending machine,” Nagy said.
Police say they are not sure if all of the recent sightings are of the same animal or if multiple coyotes have been roaming.
“It was kind of big,” Bronx grandmother Sylvia Ruiz described. “It was laying down there, moved its head around a little bit.”
Ruiz had an encounter with one of the animals inside her Co-Op City backyard. She snapped a picture of one relaxing underneath a bush and texted it to her daughter, a Co-Op City police officer.
“She said, ‘Oh, it’s a coyote!’ So they sent about four sergeants, and they all came in,” Ruiz said.
Experts say the best advice if you spot a coyote is to raise your arms above your head.
“Make some noise and scare the coyote off,” said Sarah Aucoin, director of urban park rangers for the city’s Parks Department.
Experts also say there is at least one advantage to having the coyotes in the city.
“They eat rats. They eat mice. They eat small mammals,” Aucoin said.
As Kozar reported, experts said further that it is a good thing coyotes are running away from humans – unlike what happened in Norwood, New Jersey. There, a rabid coyote bit a man, and another chewed through the tires on a police cruiser.
Multiple dens of coyotes have been found in Bergen County, and the trend continued Thursday morning.
Police Thursday morning received a call about a coyote sighting on Cathy Court in Norwood, WCBS 880’s Peter Haskell reported.

Police Chief: Norwood Cops Injure Coyote

coyote2 Coyote Sightings Reported Left And Right In The Heart Of Manhattan
Peter Haskell reports
“We followed a blood trail, probably about a half a mile, and we lost it,” Police Chief Jeff Krapels said. “So it’s sick and injured, and we’re just concerned that people may come across a blood puddle.”
Coyote sightings in Norwood are nothing new, but the police chief suspects the coyote population is growing.
“It’s a little bit nerve-racking with two young kids in the elementary school up here,” said Norwood resident Steve Whaley. “So we’re just keeping our eye out.”
There have also been coyote sightings in Summit.
__,_._,___

Wednesday, April 22, 2015

My favorite Magazine, NORTHERN WOODLANDS had this to say about adolescent Bald Eagles-----" Bald Eagles have an extended adolescence"............ "They require about four to five years to mature"........... "During this period they don’t find mates or establish territories......Unlike mature Eagles with their crested white heads and full black plumage, Eagles have dark heads and speckled plumage which "perhaps has a signaling purpose"........ "It may tell adult birds that youngsters aren’t fully mature and thus not a threat to a breeding territory"......... "What is certain is that in nesting season, when mated eagles are intolerant of adult eagle intruders, they’re much more likely to let young birds linger nearby".............."At a food site, or when crossing another bird’s territory, an immature eagle has to figure out how to assert itself, and how to back down from a fight"............ "Typical of many bird species, “eagles do a lot of posturing, a lot of wing spreading and showing their talons"........."

Awkward Adolescent Eagles | The Outside Story | April 13th 2015

Awkward Adolescent Eagles
Illustration by Adelaide Tyrol
A deer died by the river near my home. The crows found it, as did other scavengers – a bald eagle, and two big brown raptors that were hard to identify. Both had white flecking on their heads, wings and bodies, but the markings didn’t match up, bird to bird. They looked unkempt and more than a little disreputable.

It turns out these were also bald eagles, but young birds, dressed in dark plumage. In common with some other long-lived species, eagles have an extended adolescence. They require about four to five years to mature. During this period they don’t find mates, establish territories, or conform to the adult dress code.

“They can really look a mess,” said Chris Martin, a senior raptor biologist at New Hampshire Audubon. At the time an eagle fledges, its primary and secondary wing feathers – the big feathers along the back edge of the wing – are longer than they’ll ever be again. This extra length makes the wing area greater and likely provides more lift for rookie flyers, although it lessens aerial grace.

As the fledgling wing feathers molt, beginning when the eagle is around nine months old, they grow back at the slightly shorter, adult length. The result is a jagged appearance that persists for about two years, until all of the original set of primary and secondary feathers have been replaced. (Eye and beak color also change during adolescence; they start off dark and slowly transition to yellow.)

Although immature plumage is mostly brown, it’s highly variable among individuals, which explains my birds’ haphazard white markings. According to Todd Katzner, a wildlife biologist at the U.S. Geological Survey, there’s some thought that this dark color has a signaling purpose. It may tell adult birds that youngsters aren’t fully mature and thus not a threat to a breeding territory. What is certain, he said, is that in nesting season, when mated eagles are intolerant of adult eagle intruders, they’re much more likely to let young birds linger nearby.
This tolerance is helpful, because unlike adults, immature eagles often travel hundreds of miles during nesting season, which begins in early spring and extends through summer. “They bounce around a lot,” said Martin.

So what are these youngsters doing, other than flying around and looking messy? “They’re experimenting,” Martin explained. “They’re learning how to make it in the world.”  One of the ways they do this is by tailing mature eagles. From these elders, they learn where fish are concentrated, where to scavenge, what roosts offer the best thermal cover on cold nights.
They also play house. Katzner described how an immature eagle may join up with a bird of the opposite gender to practice building a nest. Often these nests will be “pretty shoddy,” he said, “but they learn to do better next time.”

Another critical aspect of a young eagle’s education is learning how to get along with other eagles. While all eagle species are social, said Katzner, bald eagles take it to an extreme. They roost and forage in groups, and this means that they also get into more conflicts. “They’re sort of like humans that way.”

At a food site, or when crossing another bird’s territory, an immature eagle has to figure out how to assert itself, and how to back down from a fight. Typical of many bird species, “eagles do a lot of posturing, a lot of wing spreading and showing their talons,” explained Katzner. Learning this language is important to avoid getting wounded or even killed, and it can be a hard won skill. “Some of them never learn,” said Martin.

They must also master the diplomatic art of circling. If you have ever noticed a pair of eagles performing what looks like a series of lazy rotations across the sky, what you may have witnessed was one eagle chasing the other away. Katzner calls this behavior “escorting a bird out of your territory,” and it’s a common way that mature eagles rid themselves of younger birds. If the escortee doesn’t understand the cue, or perhaps is a four-year-old bird that is feeling its hormones, then this circling can escalate into full out combat. (In some cases, these fights result in interlocked talons and two giant raptors falling out of the sky. Yes, this really happens.)

All told, learning to be an eagle is hard work. So the next time you see a scruffy brown raptor lurking among the crows, go easy on the kid. Don’t mock his messy coiffure. He’s still growing up, and has a lot on his mind.

Elise Tillinghast is publisher of Northern Woodlands Magazine, and executive director of the Center for Northern Woodlands Education.

Ecologist Cristina Eisenberg penned an insightful and compelling Earth Day article discussing how top trophic carnivores have a large role to play in helping our natural systems withstand the worst impacts of climate change........In Cristina's own words-------."While wolves and other carnivores won't slow climate change, they can help create ecosystems better able to withstand it"............... "However, trophic cascades have yet to make it into the climate change solution lexicon"............ "Could this be because combating climate change with wolves is too implausible? Some ecologists think so".............. "But nearly 90 years ago, at least one person was promoting wolf conservation as a means to create more resilient ecosystems in the face of drought and other ecological stressors".............. "That individual was another eminent Wisconsinite, Aldo Leopold"................"He suggested that ecological resilience "varies inversely with aridity," and that water, soil, animals and plants, "bear a delicately balanced interrelation to each other"........... "He urged scientists to parse these relationships and managers to apply best science"................ "One decade later in the essay "A Conservationist in Mexico," he recommended doing so by allowing wolves to return in reasonable numbers"....................."Best science demonstrates that conserving carnivores, be they coyotes in New England, cougars in the Dakotas, or wolves in the Pacific Northwest, could help us adapt to climate change and stave extinction for myriad species"



 CLICK BELOW LINK TO READ CRISTINA'S FULL ARTICLE


*********************************************
Cristina Eisenberg, PhD
Lead Scientist
Earthwatch Institute
114 Western Ave | Boston, MA 02134
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Celebrating Earth 

Day the Carnivore Way

Posted: Updated: 


GRAY WOLF
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Larsen B Ice Shelf Collapsing, Antarctica
Photo courtesy NASA

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Elk Running from Wolves
NPS photo.

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Aldo Leopold in Mexico Pondering Carnivore Conservation. 
Photo Aldo Leopold Foundation
* * *
Learn more about the importance of carnivores by reading The
 Carnivore Way: Coexisting with and Conserving North America's 
Predators, and The Wolf's Tooth: Keystone Predators, Trophic Cascades,
 and Biodiversity, by Dr. Cristina Eisenberg. Learn more about large
 carnivore conservation by joining Cristina afield on herEarthwatch 
expedition, Tracking Fire and Wolves through the Canadian Rockies.