“I envision the day when the caribou will go the way of the buffalo"................ “Even if a few of them are to be found in Maine this season(1912), I am strongly of the opinion that they will never be found here again in any considerable numbers"............. "The sun of the caribou is fast setting"------anonymous Maine Hunter.........."Effective functioning populations of caribou within the United States have been eradicated"........."As the Europeans settled and cleared lands around their communities, deer expanded their habitat to more northern areas"........Caribou usually give birth to one calf per year, first breeding at 2½ years old"............... "Meanwhile, whitetail deer breed at 1 year old and will often give birth to twins".........."Deer carry a parasite that is deadly to moose and caribou"..................... "Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, is a tiny roundworm that burrows into the brain of both the moose and caribou and causes an agonizing death"....................... "The parasite(which does not hurt deer) is transferred from deer to caribou and moose by an intermediate host, a slug or a snail"............"At least four separate efforts to reintroduce caribou to Nova Scotia and Maine(1940's and 1980's in Maine) have failed—all apparently for the same reason"............................ "Fifty-one animals were released in Cape Breton Highlands National Park in 1968 and 1969, but none was sighted after 1972, and a study concluded that the herd probably fell victim to disease after contraction of the meningeal worm"................... "The only surviving population of caribou south of the St. Lawrence River inhabits the high plateau of the Chic-Choc Mountains in Gaspésie Park in Quebec"....................... "Although these animals descend to lower elevations in winter, and possibly encounter deer, there is little chance of them picking up the meningeal worm at this time of year"....... "The caribou, an animal that avoids human habitat, has kept moving farther north just cannot get out of the way of the ever charging deer"............. "This change in habitat and deadly parasite transmission has taken about 250 years to accomplish"........ "Caribou populations that occurred from Minnesota to Maine are now presumed extinct"........... "Woodland caribou were exterminated from Minnesota by 1942"............. "Caribou disappeared from New York before 1800, from Vermont by 1840, from New Hampshire around 1865, and from Maine by 1916 except for a sighting in 1946"............ "Caribou disappeared from Wisconsin by 1850, from Michigan in 1931". ..................."The most widely described hypothesis for forest harvesting indirectly exacerbating predation and hunting effects on caribou holds that extensive clearcut forestry operations result in large areas with deciduous vegetation for 5-15 years"................ Coupled with Ski Resort construction, roads and other human initated construction, this alteration of habitat allows populations of moose (Alces alces) to increase. Subsequently, the greater abundance of moose is thought to lead to increased populations of wolves, which in turn then exert greater pressure on the caribou, which are more vulnerable to wolves than are moose".............. "In addition, the understory vegetation promotes growth of black bear (Ursus americana), which prey upon newborn caribou calves(Coyotes also having increased access to the one annual calf born annually to Female adults"............... "Concomitantly, the forestry operations provide greater access to woodland caribou by hunters".................Talk about a "witches killing brew" at play over the past 100 years destroying our Caribou in the USA,,,,,,,,,,,,,and quickly doing the same in most parts of Canada

Abstract

The Northeast, especially Maine, has an exceptionally rich heritage of early literature about wildlife. These writings are buried in obscure scientific books and journals, government documents, rare books, old newspapers, and discontinued sporting periodicals. The primary section of this book is a chronologically-arranged compilation of selected quotations from these hard-to-find sources, thus making accessible significant wildlife writings of early biologists, naturalists, and woodsmen from northern New England and eastern Canada.

The combined green and red land area was the historical range
of the woodland Caribou......Once a Northern USA resident
Green indicates current range-save perhaps 20 animals in the
Selkirk Mountains of Washington, State

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