Always the most fun for me in researching and writing this Blog is when I come across 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th century Explorer, Frontiersman, Military and Naturalist diary accounts of the Carnivore and Prey animals that roamed across the USA.............."Pre-1900 accounts of the gray wolf, black bear, mountain lion, elk, and pronghorn in Oklahoma are reviewed in the 1990 Cameron University(Oklahoma) paper below"............ "Because Oklahoma was not opened to white settlement(due to it having been Indian designated territory by the U.S. Government) until late in the nineteenth century(starting in 1889), early reports on the natural history of the state are sparse, scattered, and frequently anecdotal"............Nonetheless, following up on yesterdays Postings about Wolves focusing their Bison "dining habits" on calves rather than 1000 pound adults, Australian New Wales Governor Charles Latrobe in his book THE RAMBLER referred to his experiences with wolves during his 1830 travels in Oklahoma territory............ He noted their interaction with bison in the prairie habitat---- "The wolves hunt the straggling cows and calves in packs"...............U.S. Army explorer Stephen Long , while passing through western Oklahoma along the Canadian River in and around 1811 observed--- "In the afternoon the country we passed was swarming with innumerable herds of bison, wild horses, deer, elk, etc"................ . . In northeastern Oklahoma in 1806, U.S. Army General James Wilkinson wrote---- "It appeared as if we had just gotten into the region of game; for the herds of buffalo, elk, goat (pronghorn), and deer surpassed credibility".................A true cornucopia and Serengeti-like panoply was Oklahoma at the dawn of the 19th century,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Likewise, even with an estimated 25-50 million Native Americans active on the land for millenia, North America in it's entirety, housed a profuse and lavish animal life at the dawn of the 16th century as Europeans entered the circle of life on this Continent

http://digital.library.okstate.edu/OAS/oas_pdf/v70/p51_55.pdf

Historical Accounts of Several Large Mammals in Oklahoma
Jack D. Tyler and Wendy J. Anderson
Department of Biological Sciences, Cameron University, Lawton, OK 73505

INTRODUCTION
Because Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) was settled by Caucasians relatively later than
surrounding states (beginning in 1889), there is a paucity of information on the fauna of Oklahoma. Prior to thetwentieth century, the gray wolf (Canis lupus), black bear (Ursus americanus), mountain lion (Felis concolor),elk (Cervus canadensis), and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) were at least locally common in the area.Since 1900, however, drastic reductions in their ranges and numbers have occurred. This paper reviewshistorical references to these species (Table 1) and discusses reasons for their disappearance.

GRAY WOLF/RED WOLF
One of the earliest wolf sightings in Oklahoma was by the French explorer Brevel. Brevel mentioned seeing
wolves in the Wichitas on his 1765 trip to Santa Fe (1). The Wichita Mountains are in Comanche County
(southwestern Oklahoma).

In 1718, de la Harpe (10), while traveling through Muskogee County near the present town of Haskell,
wrote: "One buffalo herd was followed by a pack of wolves as large as those in France." This is significant
because the observer noted the size of the wolves. Coyotes (Canis latrans) are much smaller.


Gray Wolf Packs

Gray Wolf Pack engaging Bison herd

Wolf packs frequently accompanied herds of bison and elk. In 1820, Long (2), traveling along the Canadian
River in central Oklahoma, stated: "The bison and wolves moved slowly off to the right and left leaving a lane
for the party to pass . . .




" And on the Chisholm Trail between the Cimarron River and the Salt Fork of the
Arkansas River, Borroum (3) wrote in 1871: "Buffalo, horses, elk, deer, antelope, wolves . . . were all mixed
together and it took several hours for them to pass . . . so that we could proceed . . ."


Red Wolf Packs

Seven times in The Rambler in Oklahoma, Latrobe (4) referred to wolves. He noted their interaction with
bison in the prairie habitat: "The wolves hunt the straggling cows and calves in packs."

de Pourtales (5), on tour with Washington Irving, recounted: "I was awakened once or twice by a concert
of
wolves, who howled in the thicket about twenty paces from me approach . . . We get a great deal of exercise by riding twelve leagues a day and by chasing down wolves all around us . . . The prairies are full of them . . ."Their camp was near the Canadian River south of Fort Gibson, probably in what is now Muskogee County.Gould (6) asserted that the gray wolf was still present in Oklahoma as late as 1900. According to McCarley(7), full-blooded red wolves (C. rufus) were completely extirpated from the state by 1950.
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BLACK BEAR
Bears were abundant in the oak cross timbers of central Oklahoma in the 1830s. Latrobe (4), who
accompanied Washington Irving, referred to bears five times in reporting his exploration of this region, and
stated that they were fat from feeding on a harvest of acorns.


Oklahoma Black Bear

 Gregg (8) made a similar observation: "Among the cross timbers, the black bear is very common, living chiefly upon acorns and other fruits." Bears were apparently plentiful across the area (6). Maley (9), while exploring the Red River (probably in present-day Choctaw or Bryan County), observed many bears. de la Harpe (10), in what is now Pushmataha County, killed a bear during a hunt for food in 1719. In 1823, a ranger with General E. P. Gaines (11) saw a bear along the Grand River in northeast Oklahoma.

Ursus americanus inhabited such diverse habitats as prairies, mountains and woodlands. Nuttall (12), an
early botanist, also took notes on the fauna of eastern Oklahoma. Nuttall said: ". . . in the morning our party fell upon a favorite amusement, in the pursuit of two bears; harmlessly feeding in the prairies, which being fat were soon overtaken and killed" (sic.). In the Wichita Mountains of southwest Oklahoma, bears were once fairly common. Brevel mentioned bears in the Wichitas (1). Keim (1) found fresh bear signs in 1869 on a tree near Mount Scott. Skins of a sow and cub collected on Mount Scott by Gaut (30) are in the U.S. National Museum. According to Halloran and Glass (25), the last four bears in the Wichitas were killed in 1934.
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MOUNTAIN LION
Although the bobcat (Felis rufus) is still widespread in Oklahoma, its larger relative, the mountain lion, was
probably extirpated by the early 1900's. This large cat impressed early travellers who encountered it.
The French explorer Brevel (1) in the Wichita Mountains in 1765 wrote: ". . . on the mountains, spotted
tiger (an early record of jaguar in Oklahoma?), panther, and wild cat." "Wild cat" refers to the bobcat; however,the "spotted tiger" could possibly have been a jaguar. Jaguars ventured into southern Texas during this time(14), but have never been recorded in Oklahoma. It is possible that Brevel saw the spotted cub of a mountain lion.

On July 15, 1852, Bushman was hunting deer along the south branch of Cache Creek in southwestern
Oklahoma when he attempted to bring a fawn closer by "bleating." But, to his great surprise, he attracted instead a mountain lion. Marcy (15) wrote of the incident: ". . . when immediately behind the fawn came a huge panther bounding rapidly towards him." Marcy also encountered a cougar. While passing through present-day Tillman County near Grandfield on May 17, 1852, he saw a large animal coming toward him. He wrote: "I fired several shots which took effect . . . He was a fine specimen of the North American Cougar (Felis concolor)" (15).

Records (16) mentioned mountain lions among many other mammals seen in 1800 near the Alfalfa-Major
County line. Payne (17) wrote that in February 1883, panthers, wild cats, prairie dogs, and jack rabbits, etc., were found along the Canadian River in McClain County, central Oklahoma. Sitgreaves and Woodruff (18), during their travels through Oklahoma in 1858, stated: ". . . of quadrupeds (we) found but a few Dusky Wolves (Canis nubulis), panther (Felis buco) . . ." These scientific names have of course since been changed.
Woodhouse (19), an avid ornithologist, made camp at Childers Ford on the Verdigris River while passing
through Oklahoma during 1849. A quote from his journal reads: "I was awakened one night whilst in the camp by the cry of a panther (Felis concolor, Mountain Lion) . . . in the swamp in back of our tent." This would have been in southwestern Rogers or northeastern Wagoner County. The exact date that cougars were extirpated from Oklahoma is not known. Ranger Earl Drummond stated that "the last cougar killed in the [Wichita] mountains was in 1900" (1).
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ELK
In 1601, de Onate (2), traveling through what is now Roger Mills County in westcentral Oklahoma,
encountered ". . . deer which are as large as horses. They traveled in droves of two and three hundred and their deformity (antlers?) causes one to wonder whether they are deer or some other animal." These were almost certainly elk.

While de Onate did not specifically identify the animals he saw as elk, most explorers described them in
greater detail. Bean (20) crossed Oklahoma in 1832 with Washington Irving. Irving wrote of Bean: "He
abandoned his pursuit of the deer, and followed the newly discovered track. After some time he came in sight of elk, and had several fair chances of shot, but was anxious to bring down a large buck, which kept in advance."

Elk travelled in large herds. Sibley (21) stated: "Numerous herds of elk and antelope were frisking in the
gay flower plain, giving life and animation to the charming scene." This was in 1811, probably in present-day
Alfalfa County. Long (22), while passing through western Oklahoma along the Canadian River, observed: "In
the afternoon the country we passed was swarming with innumerable herds of bison, wild horses, deer, elk, etc. . . ." In northeastern Oklahoma in 1806, Wilkinson (2) wrote: "It appeared as if we had just gotten into the region of game; for the herds of buffalo, elk, goat (pronghorn), and deer surpassed credibility." The exact date that native elk disappeared from Oklahoma is uncertain
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PRONGHORN
The pronghorn is strictly a mammal of open grasslands. Vast Oklahoma prairies once provided excellent
habitat for this animal, which probably surpassed even the bison in numbers.

The pronghorn can achieve speeds of up to 40 mph and the early explorers took note of this. While in the
Wichita Mountains in 1852, Marcy (15) spotted several pronghorns and remarked that several greyhounds in hisparty could not catch them (1). Gregg (8) observed them near Richmond in Woodward County. He wrote: "Although we had encountered but very few buffalo since we left Spring Valley, they now begin to make their appearance again, though not in very large droves; together with the deer and the fleet antelope, which the latter struck me as being much more tame in this wild section of the prairies than I had seen it elsewhere." Latrobe (4) on October 30, 1832, entered the following passage in his journal: "A small group of goats or antelopes was pointed out to me, but I was unable to approach them to give their figure or appearance with any distinctness.

It is conjectural as to when the last pronghorn left the grasslands of Oklahoma. Gaut (30) stated: "As late as 1890 antelope were numerous in Greer County southwest of Mount Scott . .

" Gould (6) wrote: ". . . In 1900 there were several droves of antelope in what is now Tillman County."
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SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
Historical references demonstrate that these five large mammals were a conspicuous element of Oklahoma's
fauna prior to the twentieth century. Why did they disappear? The major reason was the rapid expansion in
human population after the state was opened to settlement in 1889. As homesteaders settled into the territory,widespread deforestation, burning, and plowing of the rich prairie sod followed. Overgrazing was common placeafter barbed wire fences were erected. Because no game laws were in existence to protect wildlife, overhunting was also rampant. In 1912, Barde (23) portrayed the opening of the state ". . . as though the lightnings of heaven had fallen upon its wild life. Fires swept the country in all directions; armies of horsemen penetrated to remote places; wagons rumbled over the hills and down the valleys; there was a tumult of shouting and the roar of guns, and violence reigned, where until that day had been the peace of a primeval solitude. The slaughter had begun."

As ranchers moved in, they looked for possible solutions to the predator problem. Bounties were placed. In
1859, Mead (24) wrote: "Hunters with strychnia finally exterminated the wolves, myself and men killing some
5000 of them. They never molested people." Cougars were shot, wolves poisoned, and bears hunted down. All animals that were thought to harm livestock were killed with great fervor.

Elk and pronghorn diminished quickly after white men entered Indian Territory because of extensive
hunting for food and sport. Elk have been reintroduced into the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge and parts of eastern Oklahoma, and small numbers of pronghorns still roam the Panhandle. But the wolves, bears and cougars are gone.

Occasionally, a bear or mountain lion wanders into the state, but none of these large mammals is an important component of Oklahoma's fauna today.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Steve Wilson for use of the library at the Museum of the Great Plains in Lawton, Oklahoma,
Roberta Vowell for initially organizing and typing this material, and Terry L. Anderson for technical assistance.