https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/26/5/1352/242442However, pack composition moderated the effect of RPS as packs with relatively more old members (6.0 years old) or adult males had higher odds of winning despite a numerical disadvantage. The location of the interaction with respect to pack territories had no effect on the outcome of interpack interactions.
Although the importance of RPS in successful territorial defense suggests the evolution and maintenance of group living may be at least partly due to larger packs’ success during interpack interactions, group composition is also an important factor, highlighting that some individuals are more valuable than others during interpack conflicts.
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https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/ys-24-1-territoriality-and-inter-pack-aggression-in-gray-wolves-shaping-a-social-carnivores-life-history.htm
YS 24-1 Territoriality and Inter-Pack Aggression in Gray Wolves Shaping a Social Carnivores Life History
Territoriality and Inter-Pack Aggression in Gray Wolves:
Shaping a Social Carnivore's Life History
T
In this
revolutionary
book Robert
Ardrey takes
a concept familiar to every biologist,
brings
brings
together for the first time a fair
sampling of
sampling of
all scientific observations of territorial
dominance behavior, and
demonstrates that
demonstrates that
man obeys the same laws as does
many
many
other animal species.
In The Territorial Imperative, Ardrey
explores
man's evolutionary nature and
challenges some
challenges some
of our most precious assumptions.
In a time when
In a time when
we attribute to man either no instincts
at all, or
at all, or
instincts too weak to be of significance,
Mr
Mr
Ardrey's conclusions concerning the
instinctual
instinctual
force exerted on human life by territory
will
will
undoubtedly raise storm.
The author concludes,
for example, that a common cause for
war lies
war lies
in our ignorance of man's animal
nature - in
nature - in
particular, in the aggressor's ignorance
of the
of the
enormous animal energies which his
intrusion will release in a seemingly weak
territorial
intrusion will release in a seemingly weak
territorial
defender.
In a quite different vein, he concludes
that family loyalty and responsibility,
in men no less
that family loyalty and responsibility,
in men no less
than in gibbons or beavers or robins,
rests on joint attachment to a private
territory. Perhaps
rests on joint attachment to a private
territory. Perhaps
the author's most far-reaching, most
controversial conclusion is that morality
-- our
controversial conclusion is that morality
-- our
willingness to make personal sacrifice
for interests larger than ourselves --
has its origins
for interests larger than ourselves --
has its origins
in dim evolutionary beginnings, is as
essential to the life of the animal as to
the lives of
essential to the life of the animal as to
the lives of
men, and could probably not exist in
the human species without property
either privately or
the human species without property
either privately or
jointly defended and the ultimate
command of the territorial imperative.
command of the territorial imperative.
The Territorial Imperative is a work
of wit, of literary wealth, of high
adventure. The author
of wit, of literary wealth, of high
adventure. The author
draws on his inexhaustible knowledge
of animal ways, but this time Ardrey
takes his
of animal ways, but this time Ardrey
takes his
readers on far deeper excursions into
the ancient animal world, and on far
deeper
the ancient animal world, and on far
deeper
penetrations of the contemporary
human wilderness. While evolutionary
science has
human wilderness. While evolutionary
science has
advanced markedly since Ardrey's
times, his insights on human behavior
have a timeless
times, his insights on human behavior
have a timeless
quality and The Territorial Imperative
remains a classic reference for anyone
wishing to begin
remains a classic reference for anyone
wishing to begin
an adventure exploring life's biggest
questions.
questions.
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