Our two Flying Squirrel species have an interesting eons-old life story............"The evolutionary divergence of the northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) from the southern flying squirrel (G. volans) is an excellent example of speciation resulting from environmental change"............"During the late Miocene about 5 million years ago, a forested landbridge connected Asia with America, explaining how the ancestor of both American species of flying squirrels colonized this continent"... .........."The smaller, Southern "Flyer" became an acorn eater and dominated lower elevation Oak-Hickory-Chestnut forests and the larger(3-5 oz.) Nothern "Flyer became a fungi eaters(truffles) and dominated higher elevation Spruce Forests"................"There is an interesting ecological interdependence between Northern Fying Squirrels, red spruce, and several species of fungi(truffles)"........... "Truffles grow intertwined with the red spruce roots, and they exchange nutrients"..............."The 'Northern Flyers' eat the truffles and spread their spores throughout the forest in their droppings"............. "A healthy spruce forest requires an abudance of truffles"............. "Many red spruce forests have been logged, and without the Northern Flying Squirrel’s help as a 'spore disperser', trees such as oak, maple, beech, and cherry are replacing the spruce"........"And in these secondary hardwood forests, the Southern Flying Squirrel has the mast it needs to outmultiply and replace the Northern Flying Squirrel"............."Additionally, The Southern Flying Squirrels carry an intestinal parasite, unknown in northern squirrels in places where there are no southern flying squirrels".......... "Where the two species overlap, the parasite may be harming the northerns directly, or the parasite may be altering the northern squirrel’s internal ecosystem, allowing other, previously harmless parasites to join forces with the newly introduced parasite, a double edged 'death blow' to to Northern Flying Squirrel".............The two Flying Squirrels story is another example of the magnificence of "Nature's Design", and how, when altered by human animals land clearing regimines, adversely impact the long standing rough equilibrium between two long enduring cousin species"

https://northernwoodlands.org/outside_story/article/flying-squirrels

Flying Squirrels: North vs. South

by Madeline Bodin

Outside Story

January 21, 2013

5 Comments

126

Illustration by Adelaide Tyrol

The calls come in all winter, said Paul DeBow of DeBow Wildlife Service in Plymouth, New Hampshire. If there is no snow, the peak will be in January or February, when it’s the coldest. Some people think the animals they hear partying in the attic are chipmunks, he says. Chipmunks in the attic in the middle of winter. But they are not.

Chipmunks, DeBow explained, hibernate in winter and what homeowners are probably hearing are flying squirrels. Because flying squirrels are nocturnal, few people ever see them.

There are two species of flying squirrels in our area, the northern flying squirrel and the southern flying squirrel. John Litvaitis, professor of wildlife ecology at the University of New Hampshire, said that the southern flying squirrel is the smaller of the two, often weighing just two or three ounces. “The northern flying squirrel [at three to five ounces] may be half again or may be twice as big as the southern,” he said.

But even the northern flying squirrel is smaller than a red squirrel. The southern flying squirrel is about the size of, yes, a chipmunk (which is a ground squirrel). Both species of flying squirrels can be distinguished from other squirrels by their patagium, the membrane between their front and rear legs that allows them to glide (not fly).

For all their similarities, the northern and southern flying squirrels are in a conflict that sounds a lot like war. “There was one paper that was titled something like, ‘The South Advances, While the North Retreats,” said Carolyn G. Mahan, professor of biology and environmental studies at Pennsylvania State University, Altoona, and a squirrel researcher.

Northern flying squirrels are creatures of conifer (cone-bearing tree) forests. “We know that northern flying squirrels depend on fungi that are associated with conifer forests,” she said. But southern flying squirrels can live anywhere. When conifers are cleared from a mountainside and homes are built, southern flying squirrels are happy to move in, bringing several more threats to the northerns. It’s not that the two species don’t get along; it’s that they get along too well. Squirrels of both species will pile into the same tree cavity on a cold winter night. Hybrids between the northerns and southerns follow.

NORTHERN FLYING SQUIRREL

The southern flying squirrels carry an intestinal parasite, unknown in northern squirrels in places where there are no southern flying squirrels. Where the two species overlap, the parasite may be harming the northerns directly, or, as Mahan’s research shows, the parasite may be altering the northern squirrel’s internal ecosystem, allowing other, previously harmless parasites to join forces with the newly introduced parasite.

The northern flying squirrel is in serious decline in the higher elevation forests of Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina. It is a state-endangered species in Pennsylvania. The Carolina flying squirrel, a subspecies, is federally endangered.

As the many phone calls to DeBow Wildlife Services suggest, northern and southern flying squirrels seem to be doing just fine in New Hampshire and Vermont, although it would be hard to tell if the southerners were overtaking the northerners as they are in other places. That mystery is the only reason both northern and southern flying squirrels are “species of greatest conservation need” in Vermont’s 2005 Wildlife Action Plan.

SOUTHERN FLYING SQUIRREL

Litvaitis did studies of flying squirrel habitat in the 1990s in New Hampshire. Southern flying squirrels are dominant along the seacoast and the southern 20 percent of the state, he said – basically anywhere you find acorns and hickory nuts. “As you get inland and northern, it flips to northerns,” he said. He assumes the pattern is similar in Vermont.

One of the more recent studies on flying squirrels done by Litvaitis’ students focused on the animal’s energy use. That patagium, or gliding membrane, exposes a lot of a flying squirrel to the elements. “Once the temperature got below freezing, they buddy up,” he said, for warmth. “There are real benefits.”

That buddying up can mean up to 50 flying squirrels in your attic during the winter, explained DeBow. “You can’t trap them out,” he said. “It’s like bailing a leaky boat.” Instead, he uses exclusion, using either a one-way door or a cone that discourages them from re-entering.

These are the same tools DeBow uses for bats, but when it comes to control, he likes flying squirrels better for a few reasons. One is because, unlike the region’s disease-decimated bats, flying squirrels seem to be thriving, at least in the region’s attics. He thinks the popularity of improperly screened ridge vents may be one reason.

The other reason is that they are so boisterous and noisy. DeBow never has to guess when he’s gotten the last flying squirrel to leave the party.

Madeline Bodin is a writer living in Andover, Vermont.

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https://markgelbart.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/the-squirrel-conifer-fungi-connection/

The Squirrel-Conifer-Fungi Connection

The evolutionary divergence of the northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) from the southern flying squirrel (G. volans) is an excellent example of speciation resulting from environmental change.  Genetic studies suggest both of these American species of flying squirrels diverged from Eurasian flying squirrels between 4-6 million years ago.

During the late Miocene about 5 million years ago, a forested landbridge connected Asia with America, explaining how the ancestor of both American species of flying squirrels colonized this continent.  Genetic evidence suggests the 2 American species of flying squirrels diverged from each other early during the Pleistocene between 1-2 million years ago when Ice Ages began to become more severe.

 Boreal spruce forests expanded during Ice Ages, growing as far south as middle Georgia and Alabama. Spruce forests offer less food for squirrels–seeds from spruce cones are only available for 2 months of the year.  However, underground fungi, also known as truffles, are available year round in spruce forests.  For most species of squirrels, fungi is a minor component of their diet, but truffles and other fungi make up 85% of the northern flying squirrel’s diet whereas southern flying squirrels eat more acorns, nuts, berries, and animal matter.

 The ancestors of the northern flying squirrel were those individuals from the parent population best able to subsist on a diet of mostly fungi.  These individuals were able to colonize spruce forests, while the rest of the parent population remained in oak forests.  Eventually, this habitat partition resulted in a divergence between the 2 American species.

Northern flying squirrels eat mostly fungi which is a minor component in most squirrel’s diet.  The ability to subsist on a diet of mostly fungi enabled this species to colonize spruce forests.  Eventually, they evolved into a different species than southern flying squirrels because of this capability.

Elaphomyces or truffle–favorite food of the northern flying squirrel.

 

Red spruce (Picea rubens).  Red spruce, truffles, and northern flying squirrels are beneficial and interdependent to each other.

Fossils of both species of flying squirrels have been found at Ladds and Kingston Saltpeter Cave in Bartow County, Georgia.  This is evidence that patches of spruce forest grew near patches of oak forest in this region during some climatic stages of the Pleistocene.  Northern flying squirrels are confined to the former; southern flying squirrels require the latter.

There is an interesting ecological interdependence between northern flying squirrels, red spruce, and several species of fungi.  Truffles grow intertwined with the red spruce roots, and they exchange nutrients.  The squirrels eat the truffles and spread their spores throughout the forest in their droppings.  A healthy spruce forest requires an abudance of truffles.

  Many red spruce forests have been logged, and without the squirrel’s help, trees such as oak, maple, beech, and cherry are replacing them.  

Reference:

Arbogast, Brian

“A Brief History of the New World Flying Squirrel: Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Conservation Genetics”

Journal of Mammalogy 88 (4) 2008