"Population increases of white-tailed deer, combined with burgeoning plant invasions, raise concerns for native plant diversity and forest regeneration"............HISTORICALLY, PRIOR TO EUROPEAN COLONIZATION, THE NORTHEASTERN USA HAD A DEER DENSITY OF 6-12 PER SQUARE MILE..........TODAY, A GREAT SWATCH OF THIS LAND AREA HAS DOUBLE, TRIPLE AND EVEN 4 TO 5 TIMES AS MANY DEER PER SQUARE MILE........"A 2017 Study across 23 sites in the northeastern USA. revealed that native deer reduced plant community diversity, lowering native plant richness and abundance, and benefited certain invasive, alien, non-native plants"............"By altering the balance of native plants in favor of a higher fraction of invasive plants, deer change forest plant ecology"..........."In this way, invasive plants could have a bigger influence on the forest ecosystem and leave fewer opportunities for native animals who depend on the native plants"............."Such changes in plant community structures also have long-term impacts on forest regeneration"...........Bottom line, bring back top apex carnivores--Eastern Wolves and Pumas to tap down the deer populations!

https://phys.org/news/2017-10-deer-native-forests.html

OCTOBER 6, 2017

Deer prefer native plants leaving lasting damage on forests

by Lindsey Hadlock Cornell University

When rampant white-tailed deer graze in forests, they prefer to eat native plants over certain unpalatable invasive plants, such as garlic mustard and Japanese stiltgrass. These eating habits lower native plant diversity and abundance, while increasing the proportion of plant communities made up of non-native species, according to a new study.

The findings were published in the open access, online journal AoB Plants. The study pooled data from previous studies conducted at 23 sites across the northeastern U.S.

"Overall, deer reduce community diversity, lowering native plant richness and abundance and benefiting certain invasive plants, showing that deer have a pervasive impact on forest understory plant communities across broad swaths of the eastern U.S.," said Kristine Averill, a research associate in Cornell's Section of Soil and Crop Sciences and lead author of the study.

By altering the balance of native plants in favor of a higher fraction of invasive plants, deer change forest plant ecology. In this way, invasive plants could have a bigger influence on the forest ecosystem and leave fewer opportunities for native animals who depend on the native plants. Such changes in plant community structures also have long-term impacts on forest regeneration, Averill said.

Here is a map released by Quality Deer Management Association in 2008 depicting whitetail deer density in the United States. The northern part of the West Virginia area has one of the higher whitetail deer densities.

*The legend for the map is as follows: (Deer per square mile)*

• White = Rare, absent, or urban area with unknown populations.
• Green = Less than 15
• Yellow = 15 to 30
• Tan or Brown = 30 to 45
• Dark Brown = Greater than 45

HISTORICALLY, PRIOR TO EUROPEAN COLONIZATION, THE  NORTHEASTERN USA
HAD A DEER DENSITY OF 6-12 PER SQUARE MILE..........TODAY, A GREAT SWATCH OF THIS LAND AREA HAS DOUBLE, TRIPLE AND EVEN 4 TO 5 TIMES AS MANY DEER PER
SQUARE MILE-----


In the study, Averill and colleagues analyzed raw data from previous research. The data came from sites that each had multiple pairs of fenced and unfenced plots, where deer were mostly excluded from fenced plots. "We compared the plant communities where deer were excluded against the communities where they had access," Averill said.

The researchers were surprised to find that the diversity of invasive species - the total number of non-native species - and the total abundance (or land cover) of invasive plants stayed the same in areas where deer grazed and where they were excluded. Since deer find some invasive species unappetizing in favor of more palatable plants, deer indirectly promote the success of these invasives, Averill said.

"The study results suggest we should try to maintain lower deer densities through hunting and fencing if the goals are to support more native plants and foster reduced relative abundance of introduced plants," Averill said.

More information: Kristine M Averill et al, A regional assessment of white-tailed deer effects on plant invasion, AoB PLANTS (2017). DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plx047