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Grizzly bears, black bears, wolves, coyotes, cougars/ mountain lions,bobcats, wolverines, lynx, foxes, fishers and martens are the suite of carnivores that originally inhabited North America after the Pleistocene extinctions. This site invites research, commentary, point/counterpoint on that suite of native animals (predator and prey) that inhabited The Americas circa 1500-at the initial point of European exploration and subsequent colonization. Landscape ecology, journal accounts of explorers and frontiersmen, genetic evaluations of museum animals, peer reviewed 20th and 21st century research on various aspects of our "Wild America" as well as subjective commentary from expert and layman alike. All of the above being revealed and discussed with the underlying goal of one day seeing our Continent rewilded.....Where big enough swaths of open space exist with connective corridors to other large forest, meadow, mountain, valley, prairie, desert and chaparral wildlands.....Thereby enabling all of our historic fauna, including man, to live in a sustainable and healthy environment. - Blogger Rick

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Thursday, December 31, 2015

"Black Bear Feasting On Deer" video for you to enjoy on this New Years Day.......See the 3rd Post to get more information about how Black Bears in California are regularly usurping Puma Black Tail Deer kills--and what Pumas have to do to acquire enough food when the Bears are active Spring, Summer and Fall

CLICK ON PICTURE OR TITLE WORDING TO WATCH
VIDEO


Black Bear Feasting On Deer

by Max Allen
A black bear recorded scavenging and feeding
 on a deer killed by a mountain lion with a
 motion-triggered camera. Bears regularly
steal food from mountain lions, and mountain
 lion kills are monitored by biologists to measure
 the effects of scavengers on the kill rate of
 mountain lions.

Posted by Coyotes, Wolves and Cougars forever at 7:08 PM 0 comments

"Puma Kitten Feeding At Sunset" ---Enjoy this new video by clicking on the picture or the title wording



Puma Kitten Feeding At 
Sunset

by Max Allen
A yearling puma kitten

 feeding on a deer killed by 

its mother
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Posted by Coyotes, Wolves and Cougars forever at 7:04 PM 0 comments

We know that Grizzly Bears often usurp the kills of Wolves and Pumas when the three species exist in the same locale........New research over the past year reveals that Black Bears in California regularly steal Black tail Deer kills made by Pumas..........In fact, Pumas have to nearly double their kill of deer during Spring, Summer and Fall when Bears are active so as to get the nutrients they need to survive (Allen et al. 2014)...............Whereas Pumas will "patrol " higher ground when sympatric with Wolves(to avoid Wolves stealing their kills), "no matter in which habitat pumas killed ungulates, bears located and usurped the puma kills (Elbroch et al. 2015)"............ "This suggests that spatial refuges from bears do not exist, and thus, it is likely that the seasonal refuge, when bears are hibernating, is the only refuge from bear scavenging and competition for pumas"

https://www.google.com/url?rct=j&sa=t&url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2015/12/30/competition-between-carnivores-untangling-the-relationship-between-pumas-black-bears-and-deer/&ct=ga&cd=CAEYACoRNjY1MTczMjY3MzU4NDU0MzYyGjAzMWJmZmM1MjYxMzc1ZGE6Y29tOmVuOlVT&usg=AFQjCNG51FRDfVKFF65yQVRzDknm-4R3Vg

Competition Between Carnivores: Untangling the Relationship Between Pumas, Black Bears, and Deer


Posted by Luke Dollar of NG Big Cats Initiative in Cat Watch on December 30, 2015


Pumas and black bears are the two large carnivores found throughout California. Both species kill deer.

What I found surprised me.: Black bears were having large detrimental effects on pumas. Based on camera data, pumas abandoned over 70% of their kills as soon as bears arrived (Allen et al. 2015). Furthermore, because bear activity is highly seasonal, puma killing and feeding behavior exhibited an interesting seasonal pattern. In the graph below, the time pumas spent at their kills (handling time) is noted in red, while the frequency of how often they killed (kill rate) is in blue. During summer and autumn, the seasons of high bear activity, pumas spent half as much time at their kills of adult deer compared to winter. This is likely due to bears usurping their kills, and as a result, pumas nearly doubled their kill rates during those seasons (Allen et al. 2014). This suggests that bear scavenging signifcantly effects puma kill rates and feeding behavior.

(Figure courtesy of Allen et al. 2014)
(Figure courtesy of Allen et al. 2014)


Because bears regularly usurped puma kills and therefore reduced the energy available to them, I expected pumas to try to limit or avoid scavenging by bears. One option would be for pumas to be more aggressive in defending their kills. Although I did document a puma killing a bear that was feeding on its kill (Allen et al. 2015), this did not appear to be a commonly used tactic. Another frequently used tactic is for subordinate species to shift their habitat use to areas not used by the dominant species, in order to find a refuge from competition. We analyzed this, but found that no matter in which habitat pumas killed ungulates, bears located and usurped the puma kills (Elbroch et al. 2015). This suggests that spatial refuges from bears do not exist, and thus, it is likely that the seasonal refuge, when bears are hibernating, is the only refuge from bear scavenging and competition for pumas



A black bear looking up from feeding (Photo by Max Allen)
.A black bear looking up from feeding (Photo by Max Allen)





In addition to usurping carcasses and forcing pumas to make more kills, I suspect that bears are also having a negative impact on puma populations by directly killing kittens. I was only able to find limited evidence of this, however, Field biologists in the Yellowstone region have found that bears, both black bears and grizzlies, are important causes of mortality for puma kittens. This may be simply be bears killing in order to eat, as bears eat the cubs they kill, or it could be a mechanism to reduce the population of their competitors.d other ungulates and as a result they often compete with each other. In Mendocino National Forest, where I completed my PhD project, black-tailed deer, including adults and fawns, make up the vast majority of puma diets. In contrast black bears only prey on fawns, although fawns can make up a large part of their diet during spring and summer. Since pumas prey on both adults and fawns year-round while bear predation is restricted to young fawns, it would be easy to assume that pumas are more responsible for the dynamics of ungulate populations than bears. However, this is leaving out an important part of the story.

While bears do hunt and kill prey themselves, they also frequently scavenge dead animals that have been killed by other predators, such as pumas, or that have died from other causes. Bears’ strong sense of smell helps them locate carrion, while their large size make them a dominant scavenger as they can both usurp and defend the carcass from other animals. One focus of my Ph.D. research was trying to understand how bear scavenging affects puma feeding behavior. In order to do this I visited puma kills to determine how often bears were present, and I placed cameras on fresh puma kills and compared behaviors at those with and without bears.

What does all of this mean for pumas in areas without bears? My current study area in Santa Cruz, California is only a few hours drive from my previous study area in Mendocino County, California. Santa Cruz does not have bears, and as you might expect puma densities are over five times higher. What is surprising is that people seem to have similar effects as bears. Pumas spend less time feeding at kills near houses, retreat further from their kills in these areas to bed down during the day, and as a result exhibit higher kill rates in more human-dominated areas (Smith et al. 2015). It seems that maybe pumas just can’t catch a break.

Puma ecology and feeding behavior is an ongoing area of my research. Keep up to date with my research and findings at facebook.com/thewildlives
.
Works Cited
Allen, M.L., L.M. Elbroch, C.C. Wilmers, and H.U. Wittmer. 2015. The comparative effects of large carnivores on the acquisition of carrion by scavengers. American Naturalist 185: 822-833.
Allen, M.L., L.M. Elbroch, D.S. Casady, and H.U. Wittmer. 2014. Seasonal Variation in the Feeding Ecology of Pumas (Puma concolor) in northern California. Canadian Journal of Zoology 92: 397–403.
Elbroch, L.M., P. Lendrum, M.L. Allen, and H.U. Wittmer. 2015. Nowhere to hide: pumas, black bears, and competition refuges. Behavioral Ecology 26: 247–254.
Smith, J.A., Y. Wang, C.C. Wilmers. 2015. Top carnivores increase their kill rates on prey as a response to human-induced fear. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 282: 20142711.



Posted by Coyotes, Wolves and Cougars forever at 6:59 PM 0 comments

Wednesday, December 30, 2015

Good to see some "science" coming forward to challenge the intense Wolf killing quotas that Idaho and Montana(and up to a year ago) Wyoming have(had) in place...........Fourteen carnivore biologists including Montana State's Scott Creel say what so many of us have instinctively felt was "faulty math" as it relates to what the three Rocky Mountain State Game Commissions have been claiming about the size of their wolf populations-------“The data shows that survival and reproduction has gone down while population has gone up,” Creel said. “That’s an impossible result".............





http://www.jhnewsandguide.com/news/environmental/new-study-questions-wolf-hunting-policies/article_e4f703d5-9346-58bc-be3f-d8f0089a5502.html

New study questions wolf hunting policies

Group of carnivore biologists casts doubt on state managers’ conclusions, goals.
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Dead wolf on Jackson Town Square
BRADLY J. BONER / NEWS&GUIDE FILe
Fourteen carnivore biologists have published a paper questioning the sustainability of wolf hunting in the northern Rocky Mountains.
Buy this photo
Wyoming mum on its plan for wolves
Representatives for Gov. Matt Mead have not responded to phone calls about Wyoming’s plan for regaining control over its wolf population, which is now managed by the federal government.
Wyoming officials have said they were waiting to see the outcome of legislation that would have taken gray wolves in the western Great Lakes region and Wyoming off the endangered list. But that proposal, backed by U.S. Rep. Cynthia Lummis and Sen. John Barrasso, failed to make it into massive year-end congressional tax and spending package signed by President Obama Friday.
Wyoming has appealed a U.S. District Court judge’s 2014 decision that took control of wolves away from the Wyoming Game and Fish Department.
Renny MacKay, a Game and Fish spokesman, deferred to Mead’s office on questions about the next steps for Wyoming.
“What I can say is that the Wyoming Game and Fish Department was standing ready on Monday to take over management of wolves and we’ll be ready next Monday as well,” MacKay said. “We’re ready to do that on a moment’s notice.”
“The judge’s decision in Washington, D.C., did not find fault with our management of wolves,” he said. “It was about whether or not a portion of the plan was [legally] binding or non-binding.”
POSTED: WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2015 4:30 AM
By Mike Koshmrl | 0 comments
A new academic paper in the journal Science questions whether ecological theory and sound data are playing a role in determining wolf hunting seasons in the northern Rockies.
The paper, written by an international group of 14 carnivore biologists, argues that current wolf hunting pressure is not sustainable and that the accuracy of population estimates are not reliable. The authors also call for the states of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming to set clearly defined policy goals.


“We feel it’s time for targets to be defined more explicitly,” Montana State University ecology professor Scott Creel, the study’s lead author, said in an interview. “Right now we don’t really know what the numeric goal is. It’s not stated.
“We know there’s a goal to avoid relisting under the Endangered Species Act — all three states want to avoid that,” he said. “But is that it? ... If that is the goal, what is the ecological justification for that? It’s certainly understandable that there’s probably a social argument they’re responding to there, but is that really the goal in regard to wildlife ecology?”

Wolf hunting is allowed in Montana and Idaho, but in Wyoming hunts have been put on hold by a Washington, D.C., judge’s decision.

The Equality State is home to the smallest wolf population of the three states, and here wildlife managers have openly sought to hold numbers a safe distance from but as close as possible to the now-void delisting agreement: 150 animals. Wyoming’s statewide population, which hasn’t been hunted for 15 months, was last estimated at 333 animals.

In Idaho and Montana, where at the beginning of 2015 there were an estimated 1,324 wolves, goals have been more vague. The populations in those two states are several times the recovery goals and are hunted and trapped intensively.

“The data shows that survival and reproduction has gone down while population has gone up,” Creel said. “That’s an impossible result.”









Creel and his co-authors criticize the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for considering Idaho’s counting methodology a sound way of assessing the “absolute minimum number of wolves alive.”

“In Idaho, which holds the largest segment of the Northern Rocky Mountain distinct population segment, tabulated counts are adjusted by substituting mean pack size for smaller pack counts that might have been incomplete (74 percent of packs in 2013) and then multiplying the adjusted counts by 1.125 to account for unseen wolves suspected to be living outside of packs,” the Science paper says.

“Consequently,” the paper says, “the Idaho estimate is (approximately) 1.75 times the number of individuals known to be alive, and the biggest increase in the minimum estimated Northern Rocky Mountain distinct population segment occurred in 2006 with the adoption of this method.”
Mike Jimenez, Fish and Wildlife’s Northern Rocky Mountain wolf coordinator, said he appreciated the academic critique.
“Having people challenge management policy — hunting — that’s a healthy thing,” Jimenez said.

“Having said that,” he said, “one of the critiques that I would offer back is that a lot of the article uses data from annual reports, and the data from annual reports is not research-quality data at all.”

Jimenez used Idaho as an example. He said Idaho managers have purposely curtailed surveillance of breeding pairs once it’s known that there are more than 15, the minimum in the delisting agreement.
Creel and his co-authors, Jimenez said, falsely assumed the lower numbers of breeding pairs of wolves in the reports meant a lower number of breeding pairs in the wild.

Jimenez also defended hunting as a central component to management.
“Think of wolves in Canada and Alaska. They’ve never not been hunted,” Jimenez said. “So did that same conclusion work there?
“I would say the questions [they pose] are very good to ask,” he said. “Their conclusions also need to be challenged and asked questions about.” 

Posted by Coyotes, Wolves and Cougars forever at 10:13 PM 0 comments

Tuesday, December 29, 2015

Good to see that North Dakota State biologist Stephanie Tucker is acknowledging that the annual survival rate of Pumas is only between 42 and 48%, far lower than the minimum 70% necessary to assure long term persistence.........As a basis of comparison, annual Puma survival rates in Utah are about 69%, in Washington and Oregon about 59%.............It is fascinating to note that no one in the North Dakota Game and Fish Dept can tell you how many Pumas actually call the state home.......Here is what their 2014-15 Mountain Lion status report concluded about the population there......"Verified reports(of Pumas) in only 8% of counties"..... "Not surprisingly, we verified the largest number of reports in Dunn (n = 12) and McKenzie (n = 19) counties(western end of state), which have the highest proportion of suitable habitat for mountain lions (NDGFD 2006)"............. The number of reports of mountain lion occurrence we documented from 1 July 2014-30 June 2015 was 27% lower than the previous fiscal year"............ "External and internal examination of mountain lion carcasses indicated mountain lions in North Dakota are generally healthy"....................... "The sex ratio of all mountain lion carcasses we have examined to date in North Dakota (n = 164) was 1.4 females per male and mean age was 2.5 ± 2.3 (𝑥̅± SD) years"............. "In comparison, the sex ratio of mountain lion carcasses examined from 1 July 2014-30 June 2015 was 0.5 females per male and age was 2.4 ± 1.6 years"............ "Report and population trends indicate that the number of mountain lions found in Zone 1(western end of state) has been on the decline for the past 3 years"....... "This concurs with results from our research over the past 4 years, which suggests that survival rates for radio-collared mountain lions in Zone 1 are below the amount needed to sustain current numbers (Wilckens 2014)".............. "Wilckens (2014) also suggests that the late-season hunting quota should be the focus when trying to manage mountain lion numbers". .............."Therefore, it appears we have reached and possibly surpassed the number of mountain lions that can be hunted sustainably on an annual level"............Ok, so stop hunting them!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

https://www.google.com/url?rct=j&sa=t&url=http://bismarcktribune.com/news/opinion/editorial/we-shouldn-t-deplete-lion-population/article_2cd4ff4a-d86d-54a1-88bd-d0d540a210ec.html&ct=ga&cd=CAEYASoTODQ3NTk0MDg3Njg3NTM1NzYzNjIaNDY5MjBhOTZlZmMxMTU4ODpjb206ZW46VVM&usg=AFQjCNHwuJPEdIYHw5Dl6bdEIlLCMi4E3Q

We shouldn’t deplete lion population



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December 28, 2015 2:00 am




When the North Dakota Game and Fish Department instituted a mountain lion season a decade ago it was a novelty. The sightings of mountain lions in the state had been rare and reported sightings often questioned. A lot has changed over the years.
There’s no doubt that mountain lions roam the state, with the majority in the western part of North Dakota. They have been confirmed as far east as Grand Forks and they are hunted across the state.
Lion hunting is allowed in two zones, Zone 1 in the western part of the state and Zone 2 , which is everything east of Highway 8. There are two seasons in Zone 1, an early season when 14 lions can be taken and a late season when seven kills are permitted and hunters can use dogs. There’s no quota in Zone 2 because it’s an area where mountain lions travel through and don’t stay long.











It appears hunters, especially those with hounds, have gotten too good at tracking the lions. Game and Fish is considering adjustments to the lion hunting regulations. While some hunters and landowners don’t believe the lion population has been declining, Game and Fish has the numbers to back up its concerns. The Tribune believes the state shouldn’t allow the situation to return to the days when lions were a rarity. While lions on occasion can pose a danger to livestock they need to be preserved.
Since lion hunting was legalized, there have been 97 mountain lion kills in Zone 1 and nine in Zone 2. The Fort Berthold Indian Reservation has its own program and 12 lions have been killed there, for a statewide total of 118, according to Game and Fish records.
Stephanie Tucker, a biologist with the state Game and Fish Department, told Tribune reporter Lauren Donovan that research starting in 2011 shows the lions have a 42 percent to 48 percent survival rate, but a rate higher than 70 percent is needed to sustain the population. Tucker studies the lions after they are killed to obtain biological and demographic information. The Game and Fish information indicates the number of lions in western North Dakota has been declining since 2011 and department officials will meet with the public in February about how best to preserve hunting and a sustainable population. Hunters with hounds made quick work of the late season hunt when dogs are allowed.
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Hopefully the department can come up with a plan that gives a little to everyone. A reduced quota, possibly a shorter season or a lottery and maybe fewer lions allowed to be killed using hounds.
Chaston Lee, a Grassy Butte rancher who trains hounds to track mountain lions, suggested to Donovan that Game and Fish offer a training period where hounds could learn to track lions but there would be no killing.
“It’s not all about killing, it’s the memories and the exercise. … They’re so majestic; so cool,” Lee said of the lions.
He’s right, they are great creatures and we shouldn’t allow the mountain lion population to be depleted.
The first year of the hunting season (2005-06), seven mountains were killed. The next four seasons, 11-12 cats were killed, until the 2010-11 season when 22 were killed.
The high came in 2011-12, when 31 cats were taken. The last two seasons, there have been
23 and 20 mountain lions killed, respectively. Tucker said those numbers reflect all forms of mortality, whether from hunters, road kill or protection of property.
Tucker said data shows that until 2011, the mountain lion population in Zone 1 was increasing. But that has changed, she said.
“We’ve been declining the last three years,” she said. Part of that has had to do with the success of those hunting with hounds.
“Hound hunters are still having a lot of success,” she said. “We know our harvest season is having an impact.”
Conversely, Tucker said, those hunting without dogs are having less success than in previous years.
Tucker said data from the first three years of the study indicates the survival rate of the North Dakota mountain lion population is significantly lower than other states.
She said lions here showed a survival rate of 42 percent for two years following their capture and tagging. That compares to survival rates of 59 percent in the Pacific Northwest, 64-74 percent in Utah and 67-97 percent in Canada where similar studies have been conducted

Posted by Coyotes, Wolves and Cougars forever at 10:25 PM 0 comments

Monday, December 28, 2015

While most Americans born in the USA up through 1990(prior to our most recent immigration surge) have some recollection of the Lewis & Clark Expedtion across what is now our western states, most of us are unaware or at the very least very vague about the numerous surveys and journals kept of of the fauna, flora and Native Americans of the southwest, Rockies, Northwest and California that were kept by numerous soldiers, frontiersmen, and trappers traversing the region post 1806, just as the Lewis & Clark "crew" were returning from their odyssey ......For your independent study of this subject over the course of the New Year ahead, I have posted two excellent links to get you pointed in the right direction,,,,,,,,,,,,,First hand journals always shed a new light on the great "storehouse of life" that existed across our great Country prior to European colonization, providing a potential blueprint for rewilding efforts that many of us would like to see implemented over the decades ahead

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj10OTmnYDKAhVE2GMKHQqWDa8QFggoMAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Flewisandclark%2Flewis- owTafter.html&usg=AFQjCNES4qVzONRX3g7Fb95tpMZVSp1fXQ

Rivers, Edens, Empires: Lewis & Clark and the Revealing of America
After Lewis & Clark

Rivers, Edens, Empires: Lewis & Clark and the Revealing of America

Detail of Warren map




FRONTIER LEGENDS; TRAPPERS,
 TRADERS,
FRONTIERSMEN
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&amp
cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiq-YOsooDKAhVL6GMKHdPCDikQFggfMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legendsofamerica.com%2Fwe-explorerindex.html&usg=AFQjCNHsBU8MuD364-AAucabb8n5TgEYaA&bvm=bv.110151844,d.cGc

1860 illustration of Grizzly Adams

Posted by Coyotes, Wolves and Cougars forever at 9:09 PM 0 comments
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Hiker in Glacier National Park encounters a Puma......The Puma walks "wide" of the hiker

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favorite links

  • Wyoming Untrapped
  • The Natural History of the Urban Coyote
  • western wildlife
  • Wild Dog Foundation
  • Coyotes live in Maine
  • Santa Cruz Puma Project
  • http://www.coyotewatchcanada.com
  • Mexican Wolves.org
  • Greater Yellowstone Science Learning Center
  • Western Wolves
  • Lockwood Animal Rescue Center
  • Wolf and Wildlife Studies
  • Worth a Dam
  • The Wolverine Foundation
  • mountain lion foundation
  • Boulder-Whiteclouds Council
  • Wild Read
  • Big Wildlife
  • Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance
  • Coyote Yipps
  • The Wolverine Blog
  • Craighead research.org
  • Wild Earth Guardians
  • Biodiversity Conservation Alliance
  • Center for Native Ecosystems
  • izilwane.org online Magazine
  • Oregon Wild
  • Ralph Maughan's Wildlife Reports
  • North American Bear Center
  • Wolf and Cat
  • Conservation Northwest
  • Howling for Justice
  • Wilderness Watch
  • Wolf Watcher
  • Endangered Species Coalition
  • My Place By The Pond
  • The Wolverine Foundation
  • Wolf Ecosystem Research
  • canadian Parks and Wilderness Society
  • Earthroots
  • Predator Defense
  • Sightline Institute
  • Downeast Lakes Land Trust
  • Adirondack Council
  • jaguar Conservation Network
  • Bordercats
  • Large Carnivore Conservation Lab-Washington State U.
  • Bat conservation International
  • The human footprint
  • Craighead Beringia South
  • Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative
  • Canadian Boreal Initiative
  • Northern Rockies Conservation Cooperative
  • Keeping Track
  • Wildlife Conservation Society
  • Native Fish Society
  • Jaguar Habitat Campaign
  • Northern Woodlands Magazine
  • Canadian Wolf Coalition
  • Forest Service Employees
  • Trust for Public Land
  • Rainforest Action Network
  • The Wilderness Society
  • Greater Yellowstone Coalition
  • Keystone Conservation
  • American Wildlands
  • The Nature Conservancy
  • Algonquins to Adirondacks
  • Two Countries, One Forest
  • Vermont Land Trust
  • Center For Biological Diversity
  • Open Space Institute
  • Wildlands and Woodlands
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Northern Ontario, Canad Wolfpack caught on trailcamera

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A New Jersey Eastern Coyote unable to take a fawn

Blogger Rick

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Strategizing at the WB

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Making a Pitch at the WB

Making a Pitch at the WB

Two Massachusetts Eastern Coyotes at their den site

Eastern Wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada

Gray Foxes(unlike Red Foxes) can climb trees--an advantage when pursued by Coyotes

Aldo Leopold--3 quotes from his SAN COUNTY ALMANAC

"We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect."















































Aldo Leopold

"A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise."











Aldo Leopold

''To keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering."

























































Wildlife Rendezvous

Wildlife Rendezvous
Like so many conscientious hunters and anglers come to realize, good habitat with our full suite of predators and prey make for healthy and productive living............Teddy Roosevelt depicted at a "WILDLIFE RENDEZVOUS"

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