Hunters and severe
winters — not wolves —
key to Wisconsin's
deer number
August 23, 2017 Paul Smith
When it comes to gray wolves and white-tailed deer, there are enough
deep-seated beliefs to fill the Dells of the Wisconsin River.
Some of them, like many of the acts in the nearby town, are based
more on fiction than fact.—
Here's one: The wolves are killing all the deer in northern Wisconsin.
It's not a new refrain, but it's one I continue to hear from some of my
hunting colleagues each year.
Great Lakes Wolves tend to be Admixes of Eastern
and Gray Wolves
Now in late summer 2017, as bucks begin to lose their velvet and
wolf pups start to venture out more with adults, conditions are
ripe to discuss trends in both species.
In a word, both are "up."
There are 480,273 deer in the 18-county northern forest
management zone, according to the 2017 pre-hunt population
estimate from the Department of Natural Resources.
The 2017 number represents an 18% year-over-year increase.
The population of wolves, as you may know, is at an all-time
high in Wisconsin. The DNR in June reported a record high of
at least 925 wolves, most of which are in northern Wisconsin.
The latest wolf report represents a 6% increase from 2015-'16
and a 24% rise from 2014-'15.
White-tail Deer
So the two iconic wildlife species have been increasing in
number across Wisconsin's Northwoods.
Why? And how can it be? If wolves are at an all-time high -
and if they "eat all the deer" - shouldn't the deer herd at
least be falling?
A look at the data and management related to each
species can be illuminating.
The wolf population has increased largely due to a
December 2014 federal judge's decision that placed
the western Great Lakes population under protections
of the Endangered Species Act. The ruling has
prevented state officials from holding public hunting
and trapping seasons or using other lethal means to
manage the species.
The millenia-old "dance of Wolves and White-tails
Deer have been increasing partly due to protection,
too. For the last several years, the number of antlerless
deer permits has been significantly reduced in northern
units. Some counties have allowed zero.
With more female deer allowed to live and reproduce,
the population assumed an upward trajectory.
Mother Nature is the other primary factor allowing deer
herd growth in the north. The last three years have
been marked by "soft" winters, including the fourth
(2015-'16) and sixth (2016-'17) mildest on record since
1960, according to the DNR's Winter Severity Index.
In contrast, two very rough winters took a toll on the
deer herd in 2011-'12 and 2012-'13. The 2011-'12
winter was the third most severe on record; the following
year was especially tough on deer since winter conditions
lasted into May.
The milder winters have been reflected in recent years
The milder winters have been reflected in recent years
in higher fawn-doe ratios and a higher proportion of
yearling bucks with forked antlers, according to DNR
big game ecologist Kevin Wallenfang.
Another factor - habitat - likely has improved
marginally in northern Wisconsin in recent years
due to some changes in forestry practices. But it's
harder to quantify and likely takes longer to show
its effects on the deer herd.
I find the status of both species particularly interesting
now, as wolf numbers have climbed to a record high.
Wolves obviously eat deer. According to most experts,
an adult wolf will consume the equivalent of 20
adult-sized deer annually.
But when compared to other sources of deer mortality
But when compared to other sources of deer mortality
in Wisconsin, wolves rank down the list.
I ran the numbers and trends past David Mech,
senior research scientist with the U.S. Geological
Survey in St. Paul, Minn. Mech has studied wolves
for 59 years and is considered an expert on the
species and its effect on plant and animal communities.
"Under these current Wisconsin regulations and
conditions, wolves are apparently not a competitor,
or aren't really having that much of an impact
(on deer)," Mech said.
The leading causes of deer mortality in the state,
as Wisconsin wildlife managers have long said,
are human hunters and severe winters.
A 2009 DNR document ranked the deer kill in
Wisconsin's northern and central forest regions
this way: 122,000 deer killed by hunters
(bow and gun), about 50,000 due to winter
stress (the range could vary widely),
33,000 to black bears, 16,000 to coyotes,
13,000 to motor vehicles, 13,000 to wolves
and 6,000 to bobcats.
The trends over the last few years in northern
The trends over the last few years in northern
Wisconsin are clear.
When I was in Bayfield and Sawyer counties in
May for the Governors Fishing Opener, I counted
72 deer on an evening drive from Cable to Hayward.
The conditions reminded me of the plethora of deer
I used to see in the area in the mid to late 1990s.
Wolves are up in number. Deer are too.
Humans and Mother Nature have far more control
over deer populations than wolves ever will.
I'm hoping my hunting buddies read this. But as
always, I'll be happy to tell them in person.
Pass it along to your friends, too.
As we move forward with management plans
on both species, it's important to bring as many
facts to the debate as possible.
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