Just as the three Great Lakes States of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan provides suitable habitat for Wolves, so can it do the same for Pumas per the recent Michigan Technological University Study published last November..............However, most experts feel it will take decades for this to happen without human assistance as female Pumas do not wander as widely out of their natal den as males do and there has not been one female "Cat" photographed in the upper midwest despite the multiple Puma sightings in the last several years.............The nearest breeding colony in Nebraska is 900 miles form Michigan's U.P. in Pine Ridge Nebraska with 9 females of the 25 Pumas in this state being killed last year by hunters............Lower and lower the odds are for a female Puma to need to find habitat outside Nebraska with so much vacant habitat in their home state due this hunter persecution............Couple this with the fact that Iowa does not provide safe haven for Pumas(can be shot for any reason) as they attempt to move east and you have it clearly revealed that some type human restoration program is needed for this top trophic carnivore to once again grace our upper Midwest

https://www.google.com/url?rct=j&sa=t&url=http://greatlakesecho.org/2015/05/22/parts-of-upper-great-lakes-could-suit-cougars/&ct=ga&cd=CAIyGjFiNzBkMzkxMWFhNmJhZmQ6Y29tOmVuOlVT&usg=AFQjCNEzvYzGB8NXq4q3V5yMUsepcbgVnw

Parts of upper Great Lakes could suit cougars

By: LOGAN CLARK | May 22, 2015

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Study found best potential places for cougars
 to live. Image: Habitat Capacity for Cougar
 Recolonization in the Upper Great Lakes
 Region, Michigan Technological University

By Logan Clark

Don’t call it a comeback. Call it a potential comeback.

Habitat is suitable for cougars to recolonize the Upper Great Lakes region, according to a study out of Michigan Technological University.

The study, published last November in the Public Library of Science, says that cougars were driven out of the Midwest by the early 20th century. Since then, they have persisted only in the West.

But the western population has been increasing, causing the cats to expand to the east, the study reports.(MOST EXPERTS DIFFER WITH THIS ASSESSMENT AS PUMAS ARE BEING HEAVILY PERSECUTED IN THEIR MOST EASTERN BREEDING LOCALE OF THE PINE RIDGE IN NEBRASKA--MAKES IT UNNECESSARY FOR THE FEW REMAING "CATS" TO LEAVE THEIR LOCAL HAUNT AS HABITAT VACANCIES ARE CONSTANTLY OPENING UP DUE TO HUNTING DECIMATING THEIR KIND--BLOGGER RICK)

This population increase is likely due to more prey availability and the banning of predator bounties and poisoning in the 1960s and 1970s, said one of the study’s authors,  Shawn O’Neil, a doctoral student at Michigan Technological University who studies wildlife spatial ecology.

A cougar walking along a wildlife trail in southern Marquette County, Michigan. Photo: Michigan Wildlife Conservancy

“For the most part, as a society, we’ve moved from trying to control and eradicate apex predators to trying to coexist,” O’Neil said.

O’Neil also credits the expansion to the animals’ instinct to avoid inbreeding. They will disperse long distances in search of suitable habitat and new gene pools, he said. One cougar was even thought to have traveled over 1,000 miles from South Dakota to Connecticut, said the study.

O’Neil and his colleagues demonstrated that suitable cougar habitat exists in the Upper Great Lakes by assessing the region’s capacity to support them. That capacity includes food availability and physical characteristics of the landscape. Among those characteristics are elevation, vegetation, distance to water and roads and if they can avoid people.

The study area focused on Michigan and Wisconsin, and extended a model previously developed by researchers at the Cougar Network, a nonprofit organization that studies the species. After comparing results with sightings confirmed by both states’ Department of Natural Resources, O’Neil and his colleagues estimated that more than 500 cougars could be supported in the study area.

That may sound good for cougars, but if recolonization does happen it will undoubtedly bring political and cultural problems similar to that of the wolf, said Adrian Wydeven, a retired wildlife specialist from the Wisconsin DNR.

Wydeven has long studied cougars and other large carnivores. He was involved with investigating the Connecticut cougar that reportedly traveled so far.

He expects fairly negative attitudes from farmers and hunters. Cougars seem to be more feared by people than wolves or bears, he said.

“It may be that if recolonization occurs slowly it will receive better support, but under current conditions, a rapidly growing cougar population would raise concerns,” he said.

Another debate over using hunting to manage carnivores could  well be around the corner, O’Neil said.

“Several states have cougars living right next to major population centers, and this hasn’t seemed to generate the same divisiveness as wolves have,” he said. “So maybe there is greater capacity for social acceptance.”

A large portion of Michigan’s Lower Peninsula is also suitable for cougars, despite the lack of confirmed sightings in this century. But cats will have a hard time reaching the area because it is surrounded by either water or urban farmland, according to Wydeven. Wolves have yet to colonize the area as well, he said. “My guess is that it will be decades and maybe as much as a century or more before breeding populations of cougars establish in the Lower Peninsula.”

The Michigan DNR has started confirming cougar sightings only since 2008. Not one of those confirmations was female. As a result, the agency’s official stance is that there is no breeding going on in the state, according to Kevin Swanson, the agency’s large carnivore specialist.

The Michigan Wildlife Conservancy disagrees. The organization, based in Bath, Mich., specializes in restoring and establishing wildlife habitat. Patrick Rusz, director of the group’s wildlife programs, says that breeding pairs of cougars never really left the Great Lakes.

Rusz, who has a doctorate in wildlife ecology, has been tracking Michigan cougars for over a decade. He is critical of how state officials have handled cougar sightings, pointing out that the agency did not confirm any sightings until 2008, but has confirmed 28 sightings since.

Rusz testified before the Michigan Senate in 2009 that he has found plenty ofevidence of cougar settlement in both peninsulas. Rusz said he believes that the DNR ignores such evidence because it doesn’t want to manage another endangered species.

He said he wants the agency to simply recognize its existence and begin managing for it.

The agency has put together a cougar team to keep up with the increasing sightings. The team is made up of biologists who investigate cougar sightings reported in both of Michigan’s peninsulas.

They have yet to find evidence of a breeding population, Swanson said.