Perhaps no other animal except the beaver and man has had the keystone impact on the North American environment as has the American Bison............"Prior to European settlement of North America, Bison reached their maximum distribution and population of some 30-50 million over the span of time 100,000 to 12,000 years ago" ..........."And now, University of Alberta researchers have mapped the first arrival of Bison in North America about 130,000 years ago......."This new invader from Asia competed with the Woolly Mammoths and horses that at that time dominated the continent"............"This was a point in history where the sea levels were low enough for Bison cross a land bridge between Asia and North America"............"So nutritiously productive were the inter-glacial prairies of the Americas that Bison ultimately out-competed both the Mammoths and Horses".................."The researchers also noted a second wave of bison migration to North America that took place during the Late Pleistocene, between 45,000 years and 21,000 years ago".....................

https://www.google.com/url?rct=j&sa=t&url=http://www.thespec.com/news-story/7188043-thousands-of-years-ago-bison-invaded-north-america-would-never-be-the-same/&ct=ga&cd=CAEYACoUMTY3NjY3NzMwOTgzODE3NzI0NDQyGmNmMTk3NTA4N2Y5NWNmOTY6Y29tOmVuOlVT&usg=AFQjCNH6fRT-cGF9jrqiWKxMH5UC68hhjQ

Thousands of years ago Bison invaded; North America would never be the same

Bison’s arrival changed ecosystem, set the stage for the Great Plains

Bison

Elizabeth Cameron,Canadian Press file photo

Hamilton Spectator

EDMONTON - Scientists finally have been able to pin down when bison first arrived in North America and helped set the stage for the Great Plains that eventually supported the continent's first humans.

"(Bison) showed up and they interrupted an ecosystem that had existed, more or less, for a million years," said Duane Froese, a University of Alberta earth scientist and lead author of a paper published Monday. "The stage was set for North America."

Bison are one of the most successful species ever to inhabit the prairies and have been so for a long time. Their fossils are so common that scientists use them to help date other fossils.

"When you found bison bones in a bunch of fossils, you knew this was a relatively young assemblage," Froese said.

But no one had been able to fix when bison first crossed over from Siberia and began competing with the woolly mammoths and horses that dominated the continent.


Ice Age Mammoths

Froese and his international colleagues began with two fossils — a 130,000-year-old sample from Yukon and another one about 10,000 years younger and a slightly different species from Colorado. They wanted to see if they could use a type of DNA extracted from the fossils to determine if the two had a common ancestor.

Using a set of well-dated bison fossils, the team calculated the rate of genetic change for bison. They projected that rate backwards to determine when the first bison evolved — what Froese calls "the mother of all bison."

That method produced a range of between 195,000 and 135,000 years ago.



The American Horse that shared the prairies with Mammoths

Comparing that range to when sea levels were low enough for animals to cross the land bridge between North America and Asia yielded a date for the first bison on this continent of about 130,000 years ago — roughly the same age as the Yukon fossil.

Bison became so common, so quickly, that scientists speculate they actually changed the ecology.

"They became the keystone herbivore of the Great Plains," said Froese. "They probably out-competed horses and mammoths."

Both animals eventually became extinct in North America.

The bison also may have brought new predators with them. Froese said animals such as lions probably followed the bison across the land bridge.

With great herds of bison roaming across the plains, the ecosystem itself thrived.

"The interglacial prairies that we know today are probably the most productive prairies that we ever had."

It was a welcoming environment for the first humans, who came to North America about 14,000 years ago.

"Those people would have come into North America when mammoths and horse and bison were still co-existing," Froese said.

"But they entered into an ecosystem where bison were doing quite well, so they were a big protein source for early North Americans. We really developed in much of North America an economy based on bison hunting."

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NY TIMES article on Bison arrival in North America

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwifo6b76NbSAhXDmpQKHep0AiIQFggsMAM&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F13%2Fscience%2Fbison-buffalo-north-america.html&usg=AFQjCNHV7H8ACBBB7BdNB9X5Ya-kuMpYjw&sig2=uijpzuiBdWdwSensEJOt0A
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'The stage was set': Arrival of first North American bison changed ecosystem, study finds

'Those people would have come into North America when mammoths and horse and bison were still co-existing'

By Bob Weber, The Canadian Press Posted: Mar 13, 2017

Scientists finally have been able to pin down when bison first arrived in North America and helped set the stage for the Great Plains that eventually supported the continent's first humans.

"(Bison) showed up and they interrupted an ecosystem that had existed, more or less, for a million years," said Duane Froese, a University of Alberta earth scientist and lead author of a paper published Monday. "The stage was set for North America."

Bison are one of the most successful species ever to inhabit the prairies and have been so for a long time. Their fossils are so common that scientists use them to help date other fossils.

"When you found bison bones in a bunch of fossils, you knew this was a relatively young assemblage," Froese said.

But no one had been able to fix when bison first crossed over from Siberia and began

 competing with the woolly mammoths and horses that dominated the continent.

Froese and his international colleagues began with two fossils — a 130,000-year-old sample from Yukon and another one about 10,000 years younger and a slightly different species from Colorado. They wanted to see if they could use a type of DNA extracted from the fossils to determine if the two had a common ancestor.

Using a set of well-dated bison fossils, the team calculated the rate of genetic change for bison. They projected that rate backwards to determine when the first bison evolved — what Froese calls "the mother of all bison."

That method produced a range of between 195,000 and 135,000 years ago.

'They became the keystone herbivore'

Comparing that range to when sea levels were low enough for animals to cross the land bridge between North America and Asia yielded a date for the first bison on this continent of about 130,000 years ago — roughly the same age as the Yukon fossil.

130,000 year old Bison fossil discovered in Canada's Yukon

Bison became so common, so quickly, that scientists speculate they actually changed the ecology.

"They became the keystone herbivore of the Great Plains," said Froese. "They probably out-competed horses and mammoths."

Both animals eventually became extinct in North America.

The bison also may have brought new predators with them. Froese said animals such as lions probably followed the bison across the land bridge.

With great herds of bison roaming across the plains, the ecosystem itself thrived.

"The interglacial prairies that we know today are probably the most productive prairies that we ever had."

It was a welcoming environment for the first humans, who came to North America about 14,000 years ago.

"Those people would have come into North America when mammoths and horse and bison were still co-existing," Froese said.

"But they entered into an ecosystem where bison were doing quite well, so they were a big protein source for early North Americans. We really developed in much of North America an economy based on bison hunting."