So are all men and women "created equal"?..............Are all animals within a given species(Wolves/Pumas, Coyotes, Bobcats, etc, etc) "created equal"?...........Are all of our domestic dogs and cats "created equal"?.........Or are some individuals and/or groups of individuals within a given Genus(Family Group) more gifted in problem solving and innovation behaviour than others?.................."To determine this, researchers from McGill, Harvard and Duke Universities caught bullfinches and black-faced grassquits near McGill's Bellairs Research Institute in Barbados(The Caribbean):............. "Bullfinches are bold, opportunistic and innovative birds, while grassquits are shy and conservative".............. "They are each other's closest relative in Barbados"..........."In captivity, the problem-solving skills of the two species differed considerably in lab tests"........... "Most of the bullfinches quickly figured out how to lift the lid off a jar of food, for example, while all the grassquits were stumped by the challenge".............. "These performances were in line with the differences in the birds' innovativeness in the wild—a trait that can help animals survive in changing environments"..................While a politically charged and sensitive set of questions regarding innate intelligence, innovativeness and problem-solving for sure, this evidence from McGill, Harvard and Duke University scientists might suggest that related animals within a given Genus might have higher evolved congnitive abilities than close "cousin" animals........... "It might be that mammals, including humans, and birds like the Barbados bullfinch use similar mechanisms to perform cognitively".............. "If these results are confirmed in future studies, it would be a unique demonstration of convergent evolution of intelligence"

https://phys.org/news/2018-03-brain-genes-revealed-birds.html#nRlv

Brain genes related to innovation revealed in birds

March 14, 2018, McGill University

Wild birds that are more clever than others at foraging for food have different levels of a neurotransmitter receptor that has been linked with intelligence in humans, according to a study led by McGill University researchers. The findings could provide insight into the evolutionary mechanisms affecting cognitive traits in a range of animals

Barbados bullfinch innovation in the wild: opening sugar packets. Credit: Louis Lefebvre

The study, published in Science Advances, was conducted by McGill biologists Jean-Nicolas Audet and Louis Lefebvre, in collaboration with researchers from Duke and Harvard universities.

Barbados birds

The researchers caught bullfinches and black-faced grassquits near McGill's Bellairs Research Institute in Barbados. Bullfinches are bold, opportunistic and innovative, while grassquits are shy and conservative. They are each other's closest relative in Barbados and are cousins of Darwin's finches from the Galápagos islands.

Barbados is in the Caribbean just south of St. Lucia on the map

In captivity, the problem-solving skills of the two species differed considerably in lab tests. Most of the bullfinches quickly figured out how to lift the lid off a jar of food, for example, while all the grassquits were stumped by the challenge. These performances were in line with the differences in the birds' innovativeness in the wild—a trait that can help animals survive in changing environments.

New tools for the study of wild behavior

The researchers then compared the expression of all genes in six parts of the brain of the two bird species using state-of-the-art molecular techniques, including next-generation sequencing - the first time these tools have been used to find brain properties related to innovation and problem-solving in wild birds.

Bullfinch solving an experimental problem in Barbados. Credit: Louis Lefebvre

A family of genes stood out: glutamate neurotransmitter receptors, especially in the part of the bird brain that corresponds to humans' prefrontal cortex. Glutamate receptors are known to be involved in a variety of cognitive traits in humans and other mammals. In particular a receptor known as GRIN2B, when boosted in transgenic mice, makes them better learners. Levels of that receptor were higher in the Barbados bullfinch than in the grassquit, the researchers found.

"By comparing an extremely innovative species like the Barbados bullfinch with a closely related conservative one like the black-faced grassquit, we gain insight into the evolutionary mechanisms that can lead to divergence in behavior," Audet says. "It might be that mammals, including humans, and birds like the Barbados bullfinch use similar mechanisms to perform cognitively. If our results are confirmed in future studies, it would be a unique demonstration of convergent evolution of intelligence, involving the same neurotransmitter receptors despite the widely different brain structures of birds and mammals.