"Populations within ecological communities constantly fluctuate due to a multitude of interactions that can be influenced by climate change"................ "Moose populations in northern New Hampshire and western Maine are suspected to be declining due to increasing frequency of winter tick epizootics that cause >50% late winter mortality of 9-12 month-old calves"............... Researchers captured and examined 179 Moose calves at 2 New Hampshire and Maine study sites during the span of January 2014-2016".........."They found that 66% were in normal condition,and 32% were in thin condition".............."All of the calves(both normal and thin ) had high infestations of winter ticks"............... "88% of these calves subsequent mortalities were associated with moderate to severe infestations of winter ticks".............."Emaciation, anemia, and lungworm were also found in most (87%) of these dead calves".............. "To experience three consecutive years (2014-2016) of winter tick epizootics is unprecedented in this New England region, rare in North America, and arguably reflects a host-parasite relationship strongly influenced by abnormally warmer temperatures( fall lingers longer, winters are milder and shorter and spring comes into bloom earlier) at the southern fringe of moose habitat in the northeast"

https://phys.org/news/2018-10-winter-moose-alarming.html

Researchers say

 winter ticks 

killing moose at

 alarming rate

October 17, 2018; U. of New Hampshire

Known as “ghost moose,” this adult moose illustrates typical hair loss associated with high loads of winter ticks. Credit: Dan Bergeron, N.H. Fish and Game Dept. 

As winter in New England seems to get warmer, fall lingers longer and spring comes into bloom earlier, areas like northern New Hampshire and western Maine are seeing an unusual continued increase in winter ticks which are endangering the moose population. Researchers at the University of New Hampshire have found that the swell of infestations of this parasite, which attaches itself to moose during the fall and feeds throughout the winter, is the primary cause of an unprecedented 70 percent death rate of calves over a three-year period.

 As of 2018, Moose population estimated around 3000

"The iconic moose is rapidly becoming the new poster child for climate change in parts of the Northeast," said Pete Pekins, professor of wildlife ecology. "Normally anything over a 50 percent death rate would concern us, but at 70 percent, we are looking at a real problem in the moose population."

In the study, published in the Canadian Journal of Zoology, researchers outline the screening of 179 radio-marked moose calves (age nine to 10 months) for physical condition and parasites in the month of January over three consecutive years from 2014 to 2016. They tracked new calves for four months each winter and found that a total of 125 calves died over the three-year period. A high infestation of winter ticks was found on each calf (an average of 47,371 per moose) causing emaciation and severe metabolic imbalance from blood loss, which was the primary cause of death.

Winter ticks

Most adult moose survived but were still severely compromised. They were thin and anemic from losing so much blood. The ticks appear to be harming reproductive health so there is also less breeding.

The researchers say winter tick epidemics typically last one to two years. But, five of the last 10 years has shown a rare frequency of tick infestations which reflects the influence of climate change. They point out that right now these issues are mostly appearing in southern moose populations, but as climate change progresses they anticipate this issue to reach farther north.

Moose can accumulate thousands of Winter ticks over a season

"We're sitting on a powder keg," said Pekins. "The changing environmental conditions associated with climate change are increasing and are favorable for winter ticks, specifically later-starting winters that lengthen the autumnal questing period for ticks."

Ghost Moose emaciated by winter ticks

Fall is considered "questing" season for winter ticks. They climb up vegetation and look to attach to a host. Once they attach, they go through three active life stages (larvae, nymph, and adult) by taking a blood meal and feeding on the same animal. The ticks will feed and remain on one host during their subsequent molts until spring when adult females detach and drop to the ground. Their preferred hosts are moose and other mammals, including deer, elk, caribou, and occasionally horses and cattle. Winter ticks rarely bite and feed on humans.

More information: Henry Jones et al, Mortality assessment of calf moose (Alces alces) during successive years of winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus) epizootics in New Hampshire and Maine., Canadian Journal of Zoology (2018). DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2018-0140